1. |
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Dental amalgam: a scientific review and recommended Public Health strategy for research, education, and regulation. Washington, DC: DHHS, PHS, 1993. |
2. |
Corbin SB, Kohn WG. The benefits and risks of dental amalgam: current findings. J Am Dent Assoc 1994;125:381–8.[Abstract] |
3. |
Anon. Dental amalgam: update on safety concerns. ADA council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:494–503.[Abstract] |
4. |
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Docket No. 03N-0169. http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/03-11648.html, 2003 (accessed 27 May 2003). |
5. |
Clarkson TW, Magos L, Myers GJ. The toxicology of mercury—current exposures and clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1731–7.[Free Full Text] |
6. |
World Health Organisation (WHO). Environmental Health Criteria 118. Inorganic mercury. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1991. |
7. |
World Health Organisation. Mercury. In: Air quality guidelines, 2nd edn. Copenhagen, Regional Office for Europe, 2000 (http://www.who.dk/air/Activities/20020620_1). |
8. |
National Academy of Sciences. Toxicological effects of methyl mercury. Washington, DC: National Research Council, 2000. |
9. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Public health statement for mercury. 1999. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs46.html (accessed 22 December 2003). |
10. |
Clarkson TW. Mercury. Ann Rev Public Health 1983;4:375–80.[CrossRef][Medline] |
11. |
Miettinen JK. Absorption and elimination of dietary Hg++ and methyl mercury in man. In: Miller MW, Clarkson TW, eds. Mercury, mercurial, and mercaptans. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas, 1973:233–46. |
12. |
Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Intra-oral air mercury released from dental amalgam. J Dent Res 1985;64:1069–71.[Abstract/Free Full Text] |
13. |
Bjorkman L, Lind B. Factors influencing mercury evaporation rate from dental amalgam fillings. Scand J Dent Res 1992;100:354–60.[Medline] |
14. |
Sallsten G, Thoren J, Barregard L, et al. Long-term use of nicotine chewing gum and mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. J Dent Res 1996;75:594–8.[Abstract/Free Full Text] |
15. |
Isacsson G, Barregard L, Selden A, et al. Impact of nocturnal bruxism on mercury uptake from dental amalgams. Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105:251–7.[Medline] |
16. |
Robertello FJ, Dishman MV, Sarrett DC, et al. Effect of home bleaching products on mercury release from an admixed amalgam. Am J Dent 1999;12:227–30.[Medline] |
17. |
Rotstein I, Dogan H, Avron Y, et al. Mercury release from dental amalgam after treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 2000;89:216–19. |
18. |
Nylander M, Friberg L, Lind B. Mercury concentrations in the human brain and kidneys in relation to exposure from dental amalgam fillings. Swed Dent J 1987;11:179–87.[Medline] |
19. |
Clarkson TW, Friberg L, Hursh JB, et al. The prediction of intake of mercury vapor from amalgams. In: Clarkson TW, Friberg L, Nordberg GF, Sager PR, eds. Biological monitoring of toxic metals. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. |
20. |
Skare I, Engqvist A. Human exposure to mercury and silver released from dental amalgam restorations. Arch Environ Health 1994;49:384–94.[Medline] |
21. |
Halbach S, Kremers L, Willruth H, et al. Systemic transfer of mercury from amalgam fillings before and after cessation of emission. Environ Res 1998;77:115–23.[CrossRef][Medline] |
22. |
Engqvist A, Colmsjo A, Skare I. Speciation of mercury excreted in feces from individuals with amalgam fillings. Arch Environ Health 1998;53:205–13.[Medline] |
23. |
Sandborgh-Englund G, Elinder CG, Johanson G, et al. The absorption, blood levels, and excretion of mercury after a single dose of mercury vapor in humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998;150:146–53.[CrossRef][Medline] |
24. |
Kingman A, Albertini T, Brown LJ. Mercury concentrations in urine and whole blood associated with amalgam exposure in a US military population. J Dent Res 1998;77:461–71.[Abstract/Free Full Text] |
25. |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Division of Laboratory Sciences, Inorganic Toxicology and Nutrition Branch. Laboratory procedure manual: urine mercury. August 2001. |
26. |
Schober SE, Sinks TH, Jones RL, et al. Blood mercury levels in US children and women of childbearing age, 1999–2000. JAMA 2003;289:1667–74.[Abstract/Free Full Text] |
27. |
Dufour MC. What is moderate drinking? Defining "drinks" and drinking levels. Alcohol Research and Health 1999;23:5–14.[Medline] |
28. |
Lee RC, Wang Z, Heo M, et al. Total-body skeletal muscle mass: development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:796–803.[Abstract/Free Full Text] |
29. |
Beckman Instruments. Beckman Synchron CX3 clinical system, operating and services instruction. Beckman Instruments, Inc., 200 South Kraemer Blvd, Brea, CA 92621, 2000. |
30. |
Olstad ML, Holland RI, Wandel N, et al. Correlation between amalgam restorations and mercury concentrations in urine. J Dent Res 1987;66:1179–82.[Abstract/Free Full Text] |
31. |
Begerow J, Zander D, Freier I, et al. Long-term mercury excretion in urine after removal of amalgam fillings. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1994;66:209–12.[CrossRef][Medline] |
32. |
Halbach S, Kremers L, Willruth H, et al. Compartmental transfer of mercury released from amalgam. Hum Exp Toxicol 1997;16:667–72.[Medline] |
33. |
Berglund A . Estimation by a 24-hour study of the daily dose of intra-oral mercury vapor inhaled after release from dental amalgam. J Dent Res 1990;70:233–7. |
34. |
Soleo L, Elia G, Apostoli P, et al. The influence of amalgam filling on urinary mercury excretion in subjects from Apulia (Southern Italy). G Ital Med Lav Erg 1998;20:75–81. |
35. |
US Environmental Protection Agency. Mercury Study Report to Congress. Vol I, Executive Summary. Pub No. EPA-452/R-97-003. Washington: EPA, 1997. |
36. |
Snapp KR, Boyer DB, Peterson LC, et al. The contribution of dental amalgam to mercury in blood. J Dent Res 1989;68:780–5.[Abstract/Free Full Text] |
37. |
Vahter M, Akesson A, Lind B, et al. Longitudinal study of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in blood and urine of pregnant and lactating women as well as in umbilical cord blood. Environ Res 2000;84:186–94.[CrossRef][Medline] |
38. |
Drexler H, Schaller KH. The mercury concentration in breast milk resulting from amalgam fillings and dietary habits. Environ Res 1998;77:124–9.[CrossRef][Medline] |
39. |
Goyer RA. Toxic and essential metal interactions. Annu Rev Nutr 1997;17:37–50.[CrossRef][Medline] |
40. |
Seppanen K, Kantola M, Laatikainen K, et al. Effect of supplementation with organic selenium on mercury status as measured by mercury in pubic hair. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2000;14:84–7.[CrossRef][Medline] |
41. |
Sallsten G, Kreku S, Unosson H. A small dose of ethanol increases the exhalation of mercury in low-level-exposed humans. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 2000;60:89–100.[CrossRef][Medline] |
42. |
Echeverria D, Heyer NJ, Martin MD, et al. Behavioral effects of low-level exposure to elemental Hg among dentists. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1995;17:161–8.[CrossRef][Medline] |
43. |
Langworth S, Elinder CG, Göthe CJ, et al. Biological monitoring of environmental and occupational exposure to mercury. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1991;63:161–7.[CrossRef][Medline] |
44. |
Andren AW, Harriss RC. Mercury content of tobaccos. Environ Lett 1971;1:231–4.[Medline] |
45. |
Suzuki T, Shishido S, Urushiyama K. Mercury in cigarettes. Tohoku J Exp Med 1976;119:353–6.[Medline] |
46. |
G, Zhang C, Hu O, et al. Simultaneous determination of four heavy metal ions in tobacco and tobacco additive by online enrichment followed by RP-HPLC and microwave digestion. J Chromatogr Sci 2001;39:195–9.[Medline] |