Thank you, Shiny. I have searched the entire web to understand why my artichoke leaf extract (which is similar to coptis and Chinese bitters) is making me constipated. I thought the increase in bile would be beneficial, but I am so constipated. But the explanation you provided makes sense. Perhaps I am taking too much, and I need to find a strong enough laxative to push things out. At least I have hope now. Thanks!