Dr. Thiel did his study back in the 1990's and ParaZapper was not available at that time. In fact, the zappers that he used were plain old 30 kHz zappers that DID NOT have positive offset and it is not even known for sure that all units were fully functional. I can assure that if he was to re-run his tests today and use even the cheapest ParaZapper that is currently selling at $109, the results would be far different. ParaZapper flat out kills microbes better than any other zapper available.