Re: Electricity tends to flow through the path of least resistance

The issue is that there is not so much of a positive or a negative effect but from what I see, the importance is the pulse itself.

There are actually a few published scientific studies. There are a couple that have used straight DC voltage and it appears that these could kill a few species of bacteria with nothing more than the DC voltage that was applied. In one of these studies, Dr. Robert O. Becker applied a DC voltage of less than 1 volt for a long term which stopped an infection. The problem that I see with that one study was that one of the electrodes was silver and that may have had some influence. In a couple of other studies, the DC voltage was higher, did not use silver or copper, and the results were slightly better.

In some other studies, an AC signal was applied and it appeared to do little if anything, regardless of frequency.

Then in some studies that used electric pulses were very successful, killing all microbes and destroying viri. The problem is that the great majority of those studies used very high voltages which would likely be unsuitable for use on humans or animals.

In almost all of those studies that used high voltage pulses, they conceded that lower voltages would work if applied for longer periods of time but that area has not been well studied.

That area is where we are and there is a critical need for studies to be done. What we can take away from those prior studies is the following:

1) DC voltage does have some effect but it is not extensive.

2) pulses can definitely have an effect but the effect is related to how sharp the pulse is, how many times the pulse is applied, the rate of application ( frequency ), how high the pulse goes ( voltage ), and the over-all shape of the wave form.

3) Dr. Clark discusses positive offset in order to undo the negative ( not voltage ) effects of capacitive coupling ( such as that produced by the so called stabilized output and super stabilized output.

From these studies, nothing was actually shown that indicated any increased growth or reproduction of any microbes.

However, I do present concern in my writings that the negative ( relative to the positive electrode ) electrode can provide protection to any microbes that may be close to it. This is not so much due to being negative but due to a lower apparent voltage present at that point.

I guess that I need to draw a couple of pictures to illustrate this.

At some point between 50 percent and 75 percent, the effect of the pulse diminishes to a point where the signal is not strong enough to kill most microbes or even many microbes. The closer to the negative, the less effect the signal has.

If you have only 1 positive electrode, the signal diminishes about half way from that electrode to the negative electrode. Also, because of the nature of electricity, the signal tends to diminish even further at places that are not directly between the 2 electrodes.

This is one reason that 3 positive electrodes are better. There is a smaller area of low strength and the positive reach covers most all of the area between each positive electrode and a point that is halfway between the negative electrode and each positivecombined.

I hope that this helps some.