Candida and Biofilm—Some biofilm web sites

Candida and Biofilm—Some biofilm web sites

In my research of Candida at PubMed, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez

I learned about Candida albicans, and what are now referred to as Candida “non-Albicans” species of yeast/fungi.
Here is some of what I learned

Candida (C.) Albicans is still the major species in Candida overgrowth and has the toughest biofilm.
C. albicans can form hyphae, biofilms, phospholipases and esterases.
C. Glabrata does not form hyphae, but does form biofilm.
C parapsilosis forms biofilm.
C. tropicalis forms biofilm and esterases.
References at the bottom of this post.

Video Watch a Biofilm Form!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q26YhisTg7U


Video What Are Bacterial Biofilms? Note Yeast biofilms are similar.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpI4WCM_9pM



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm


http://www.cs.montana.edu/ross/personal/intro-biofilms-s4.htm


http://mueller_ranges.tripod.com/links/compendium/biofilms.html

Excerpts from link just above:
**you can test for biofilm with enzyme formulations like no fenol/candex which attacks only the Sugar houses, if you have a bad reaction to a capsule you have biofilm.

**in other words, enzymes are not enough, you have to do biofilm scd as well.

**biofilm is like the cities and apartment blocks that the bad gut flora build for shelter, protection, breeding and sustenance.

**biofilms can use simple sugars in their construction quite well, and may, by anchoring themselves to the gut walls, be able to inhibit the bodies absorbtion of simple sugars and cherry pick them for themselves which is why scd takes so long to get results and is unstable in effect.
**biofilms are like human communities, they can produce stuff in a community that individuals cannot alone, divisions of labour and smarter than average bacteria providing templates for unique materials
**it also explains why Antibiotics can be so effective as they poison the bacteria directly, though biofilm bacteria have other defenses against Antibiotics like the restriction of flow through the structures of the biofilm
**The amount of biofilm formed is related to the presence of maltose or glucose in the growth medium. While the wild-type strain was able to produce biofilm in medium containing either glucose or maltose, two mutants of this locus showed opposite effects.
When grown in medium containing 1% glucose,
the transposon mutant showed reduced biofilm formation (9%),
while the deletion mutant produced more biofilm (110%) than the wild-type.

When grown in medium containing 1% maltose, the transposon mutant was able to produce more biofilm than the wild-type strain (111%),
while the deletion mutant did not produce biofilm (4%).
Biofilm formation was not affected by the presence of several other Sugar sources. In a gastrointestinal colonization model, the biofilm-negative mutant was delayed in colonization of the mouse intestinal tract.

References for information about Candida Species
1 2011My Rapid discrimination between Candida glabrata, Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis using a simple-plex PCR
2 2011 My Differentiation of Candida glabrata, C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis based on fragment length polymorphism of ITS1 and ITS2 and restriction fragment length polymorphism of ITS and D1/D2 regions in rDNA
3 2011 Ja Molecular identification of closely related Candida species using two ribosomal intergenic spacer fingerprinting methods.
4 2011Ju Detection of characteristic metabolites of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida species using ion mobility spectrometry - metabolic profiling by volatile organic compounds.
5 2011 Jy [Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry vs conventional methods in the identification of Candida non-albicans.]
6 2011 Mr Rapid, simple, and low-cost identification of Candida species using high-resolution melting analysis.
7 2001 Toxic Effects of Ag(I) and Hg(II) on Candida albicans and C. maltosa: a Flow Cytometric Evaluation
8 2011 Sep Sodium butyrate inhibits pathogenic yeast growth and enhances the functions of macrophages.
9 Rapid discrimination between Candida glabrata, Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis using a simple-plex PCR
10 2011Je Yeast identification in routine clinical microbiology laboratory and its clinical relevance
11 1983Jan [Effects of cadmium, zinc, lead and mercury on the growth and accumulating ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, Candida tropicalis, and Candida utilis].
12 Anticandidal Efficacy of Cinnamon Oil Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cultures of Candida parapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis.
13 2009Ap Review: Efflux-Mediated Antifungal Drug Resistance