Candida “Biofilm” – Have to Beat a D... 
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11 Dec19 Candida “Biofilm” – Have to Beat a Diverse Community
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875945
Flo11p, drug efflux pumps, and the extracellular matrix cooperate to form biofilm yeast colonies
Excerpts:
…wild yeasts preferentially form surface-associated communities, such as biofilms and colonies, that are well protected against hostile environments and, when growing as pathogens, against the host immune system.
…a biofilm yeast colony is a finely tuned, complex multicellular organism in which specialized cells jointly execute multiple protection strategies.
… two mechanisms act in concert during colony development, allowing growth of new cell generations in a well-protected internal cavity of the colony. Colony architecture is strengthened by intercellular fiber connections.
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Mucoid plaque = Parasites = Candida
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This is a reply to # 1,892,370Advertisement
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Candida is too damn smart and adaptive to even belong in our body. Sometimes i dont understand why god created something that could be so invasive+ resilient knowing that man would be taking antibiotics. Man did destroy our gut ecology with antibiotics but candida's design is something we could have done without.
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MoreThis is a reply to # 1,892,376Wipe out that protective biofilm with enzymes. Enzymedica is and has been on the cutting edge of enzyme therapy and suggests that the Herxheimer reaction, that allergic reaction to the dead Candida protein coat, is lessened by the protease that digests it and gets it biologically denatured so it won't trigger reactions. Sweet Jesus this is great news BUT also take "Cholesteril" which is PANTETHINE, the metabolized form of B-5 that creates Master Coenzyme A that wipes out ACETALDEHYDE, the tragic toxin formed by evil Candida. PS God has the Jews get all yeast out of their homes for a period of time so that there aren't these hearty yeast strains beating people up. It gives me the willies to think of generations-old sourdough starter...>shudder< Blessings!
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- Candida and Biofilm—Some biofilm web... WellCome
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This is a reply to # 1,892,370Candida and Biofilm—Some biofilm web sites
In my research of Candida at PubMed, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
I learned about Candida albicans, and what are now referred to as Candida “non-Albicans” species of yeast/fungi.
Here is some of what I learned
Candida (C.) Albicans is still the major species in Candida overgrowth and has the toughest biofilm.
C. albicans can form hyphae, biofilms, phospholipases and esterases.
C. Glabrata does not form hyphae, but does form biofilm.
C parapsilosis forms biofilm.
C. tropicalis forms biofilm and esterases.
References at the bottom of this post.
Video Watch a Biofilm Form!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q26YhisTg7U
Video What Are Bacterial Biofilms? Note Yeast biofilms are similar.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpI4WCM_9pM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm
http://www.cs.montana.edu/ross/personal/intro-biofilms-s4.htm
http://mueller_ranges.tripod.com/links/compendium/biofilms.html
Excerpts from link just above:
**you can test for biofilm with enzyme formulations like no fenol/candex which attacks only the Sugar houses, if you have a bad reaction to a capsule you have biofilm.
**in other words, enzymes are not enough, you have to do biofilm scd as well.
**biofilm is like the cities and apartment blocks that the bad gut flora build for shelter, protection, breeding and sustenance.
**biofilms can use simple sugars in their construction quite well, and may, by anchoring themselves to the gut walls, be able to inhibit the bodies absorbtion of simple sugars and cherry pick them for themselves which is why scd takes so long to get results and is unstable in effect.
**biofilms are like human communities, they can produce stuff in a community that individuals cannot alone, divisions of labour and smarter than average bacteria providing templates for unique materials
**it also explains why Antibiotics can be so effective as they poison the bacteria directly, though biofilm bacteria have other defenses against Antibiotics like the restriction of flow through the structures of the biofilm
**The amount of biofilm formed is related to the presence of maltose or glucose in the growth medium. While the wild-type strain was able to produce biofilm in medium containing either glucose or maltose, two mutants of this locus showed opposite effects.
When grown in medium containing 1% glucose,
the transposon mutant showed reduced biofilm formation (9%),
while the deletion mutant produced more biofilm (110%) than the wild-type.
When grown in medium containing 1% maltose, the transposon mutant was able to produce more biofilm than the wild-type strain (111%),
while the deletion mutant did not produce biofilm (4%).
Biofilm formation was not affected by the presence of several other Sugar sources. In a gastrointestinal colonization model, the biofilm-negative mutant was delayed in colonization of the mouse intestinal tract.
References for information about Candida Species
1 2011My Rapid discrimination between Candida glabrata, Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis using a simple-plex PCR
2 2011 My Differentiation of Candida glabrata, C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis based on fragment length polymorphism of ITS1 and ITS2 and restriction fragment length polymorphism of ITS and D1/D2 regions in rDNA
3 2011 Ja Molecular identification of closely related Candida species using two ribosomal intergenic spacer fingerprinting methods.
4 2011Ju Detection of characteristic metabolites of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida species using ion mobility spectrometry - metabolic profiling by volatile organic compounds.
5 2011 Jy [Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry vs conventional methods in the identification of Candida non-albicans.]
6 2011 Mr Rapid, simple, and low-cost identification of Candida species using high-resolution melting analysis.
7 2001 Toxic Effects of Ag(I) and Hg(II) on Candida albicans and C. maltosa: a Flow Cytometric Evaluation
8 2011 Sep Sodium butyrate inhibits pathogenic yeast growth and enhances the functions of macrophages.
9 Rapid discrimination between Candida glabrata, Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis using a simple-plex PCR
10 2011Je Yeast identification in routine clinical microbiology laboratory and its clinical relevance
11 1983Jan [Effects of cadmium, zinc, lead and mercury on the growth and accumulating ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, Candida tropicalis, and Candida utilis].
12 Anticandidal Efficacy of Cinnamon Oil Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cultures of Candida parapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis.
13 2009Ap Review: Efflux-Mediated Antifungal Drug Resistance
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- 1978-2006 C albicans: Structural Cha... WellCome
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This is a reply to # 1,892,3561978-2006 C albicans: Structural Changes (Chitin, Lipids) Associated with Germ Tube, Mycelia, and Di-morphism.
Research Article excerpts. Click link to read more.
1978 Ultrastructural investigations of the formation
of Candida albicans germ tubes and septa
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/358432
>>Germ tubes, blastospores and pseudomycelia
of Candida albicans were studied
under the electron microscope.
>>Both germ tube and blastospore formation
begin with comparable changes
in the cell wall of the mother cell.
>>The major part of the germ tube wall
consists of the fourth of the five layers
forming the C. albicans cell wall.
>>Germ tubes are precursors of mycelia …
Septa and septal pores can be demonstrated in later phases.
Pseudomycelia can be clearly discerned
by means of transmission electron microscopy.
1983 Cell wall composition and protoplast regeneration
in Candida albicans.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6360042
>>The transition of blastospores to the mycelial phase
in Candida albicans was induced…
>>Glucan was the most abundant polymer in the wall
in the two morphogenetic forms
>>but the amount of chitin was higher in the mycelial form
than in blastospores.
>>After a few hours chitin was the most abundant polymer
found in the aberrant wall of the regenerating protoplast.
1983 An analysis of the metabolism and
cell wall composition of Candida albicans
during germ-tube formation
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/m83-233
>>The uptake of nutrients
(glucose, glutamine, and N-acetylglucosamine),
the intracellular concentrations of metabolites
(glucose-6-phosphate, cyclic AMP,
amino acids, trehalose, and glycogen) and
cell wall composition were studied in Candida albicans.
>>These analyses were carried out
with exponential-phase,
stationary-phase, and
starved yeast cells, and
during germ-tube formation.
>>Germ tubes formed during a 3-h incubation
of starved yeast cells (0.8 X 10(8) cells/mL)
at 37 degrees C during which time
the nutrients glucose plus glutamine
or N-acetylglucosamine (2.5 mM of each)
were completely utilized.
>>Control incubations with these nutrients
at 28 degrees C did not form germ tubes
>>The overall cell wall composition
of yeast cells and germ tube forming cells were similar:
lipid (2%, w/w);
protein (3-6%), and
carbohydrate (77-85%).
>>Analysis of the insoluble glucan fraction
from cells labelled with [14C]glucose
during germ-tube formation
showed that the chitin content
of the cell wall increased from 0.6% to 2.7% (w/w).
1986 Dimorphism-associated Variations in the Lipid Composition of Candida albicans
http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/132/8/2367.short
>>The main objective of the present work
was to characterize and compare the lipids and
their constituent fatty acids
of yeast and mycelial forms
of C. albicans grown in the same cultures.
>>Apparently some mycelial forms
were producing blastospores (e.g. after 18 h) and
some blastospores were germinating again
into mycelia (e.g. after 96 h)
without any significant change in the total biomass.
>>At both phases of growth
the apolar and polar lipid fractions
from the mycelial forms
contained higher levels
of polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 and 18:3)
but lower levels of oleic acid (18:1)
than the corresponding fractions from the yeast forms.
1990 Variation in lipid and sterol contents in Candida albicans white and opaque phenotypes
http://www.springerlink.com/content/n173387646671h32/
>>In the white-opaque transition,
cells of Candida albicans strain WO-1
switch reversibly and at high frequency
between phases which differ
both in colony and cellular phenotype.
>>The lipid and sterol contents
of the two phases were compared.
White cells were higher in lipid and sterol contents
in both mid-exponential and stationary phase cultures.
>>White and opaque cells
varied in their fatty acid composition.
The former had higher proportions
of palmitoleic (16:1) and stearic (18:0)
but lower proportions of linoleic (18:2) fatty acids
than opaque cells.
>>Our results suggest that the lipid composition
(particularly sterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids)
of the opaque phenotype
resembles that of mycelial cultures.
1992 Phospholipid composition
and subcellular distribution
in yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans
http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02681219280000461
>>Lipids were found
to constitute 3•9% and 4•7% of the dry weight
of yeast and mycelial forms
of Candida albicans, respectively.
>>Myristic acid and palmitic acid
were the predominant fatty acids
in the yeast form while
the mycelial form contained
palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acid
as major fatty acids.
2006 Comparison of polar lipids
from yeast and mycelial forms
of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16367813
>>The aim of the present study
was to compare polar lipids
of yeast and mycelial forms
of both Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis.
>>For both species, it is concluded
that both fatty acid and
phospholipid molecular species compositions
differ according to whether the cells
are in the yeast or mycelial form.
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