I've done many Series and I've found this to be the hardest!
This particular Series has to do with the ingredients that are in many protocols. Cloves are said to kill and penetrate larvae. This was very hard to find with supporting studies. I found two studies at the end of this post, but nothing on Ascaris, Tapeworm, or the most common parasites and I had expected to see more studies. Perhaps some of those protocols need to rethink how their formulas are developed?
Clove
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Syzygium sp. (Eugina)
http://www.gaiaherbs.com/herbs.php?BaseDir=/herbs.php&GET=/HerbTemplates/subc...
Observational Studies/Case Reports
Mosquito bite was not prevented at 5 or 10% concentration of oils of geranium, cedarwood, clove, peppermint or thyme. Thyme and clove oils were the most effective repellents Barnard 1999
Cytomegalovirus inhibition in mice by anti-herpes herbs: Geum japonicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula & Rhus javanica. Shiraki 1998
Eugenol was more effective in reducing fever than acetaminophen in rabbits induced by IL-1 Feng 1987
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http://www.drugs.com/npp/clove.html
Clove oil has antihistaminic and spasmolytic properties, most likely due to the presence of eugenyl acetate. 11 Cloves have a positive effect on healing stomach ulcers. 1 A 15% tincture of cloves is effective in treating topical ringworm infections. As with many other volatile oils, clove oil inhibits gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Its fungistatic action has been documented, suggesting use as an antidermatophytic drug. 12 Clove oil also has anthelmintic and larvicidal properties. Another report suggests clove oil suppresses aflatoxin production. 13
Eugenol in high concentrations can inhibit reactive oxygen species generated by macrophages during inflammation. 14
Aqueous extracts of clove increase trypsin activity. Eugenol inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis, the formation of thromboxane B2, and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. This effect has been postulated to contribute to the antidiarrheal effect of other oils that contain eugenol (such as nutmeg oil). 15 Other reports confirm inhibition of platelet aggregation and antithrombotic activity of clove oil. 16 , 17
13. Hasan H , Mahmoud AL . Inhibitory effect of spice oils on lipase and mycotoxin production . Zentralbl Mikrobiol . 1993;148:543-548.
14. Joe B , Lokesh BR . Role of capsaicin, curcumin and dietary n-3 fatty acids in lowering the generation of reactive oxygen species in rat peritoneal macrophages . Biochim Biophys Acta . 1994;1224:255-263.
15. Rasheed A , Laekeman G , Totte J , Vlietinck AJ , Herman AG . Eugenol and prostaglandin biosynthesis . N Engl J Med . 1984;310:50-51.
16. Srivastava KC . Antiplatelet principles from a food spice clove ( Syzygium aromaticum L) . Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids . 1993;48:363-372.
17. Saeed S , Gilani AH . Antithrombotic activity of clove oil . J Pak Med Assoc . 1994;44:112-115.
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http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114199338/abstract
Review Article
The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review
Kamel Chaieb*, Hafedh Hajlaoui, Tarek Zmantar, Amel Ben Kahla-Nakbi, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Kacem Mahdouani, Amina Bakhrouf
1Laboratoire d'Analyses, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des Produits, Faculté de Pharmacie, rue Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisie
2Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
Keywords
Eugenia caryophyllata • clove essential oil • GC/MS • antimicrobial activity • Staphylococcus epidermidis • biological effect
Abstract
The essential oil extracted from the dried flower buds of clove, Eugenia caryophyllata L. Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae), is used as a topical application to relieve pain and to promote healing and also finds use in the fragrance and flavouring industries. The main constituents of the essential oil are phenylpropanoids such as carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. The biological activity of Eugenia caryophyllata has been investigated on several microorganisms and parasites, including pathogenic bacteria, Herpes simplex and hepatitis C viruses. In addition to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activity, clove essential oil possesses antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, insect repellent and anaesthetic properties. This short review addresses the chemical composition and biological effects of clove essential oil, and includes new results from GC/MS analysis and a study of its antimicrobial activity against a large number of multi-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from dialysis biomaterials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Received: 17 November 2006; Revised: 12 December 2006; Accepted: 24 January 2007
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17349626?ordinalpos=19&itool=EntrezSystem2...
Exp Parasitol. 2007 Jul;116(3):283-90. Epub 2007 Feb 1.Click here to read Links
Trypanosoma cruzi: activity of essential oils from Achillea millefolium L., Syzygium aromaticum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes.
Santoro GF, Cardoso MG, Guimarães LG, Mendonça LZ, Soares MJ.
Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Trypanocidal activity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) essential oils and some of their constituents (eugenol and linalool) was investigated on Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote and bloodstream trypomastigote forms. Steam distillation was used to isolate the essential oils, with chemical analyses performed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The IC(50) (concentration that inhibits 50% parasite growth) of the oils and constituents upon T. cruzi was determined by cell counting in a Neubauer chamber. Cell morphology alterations were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Treatment with oils and constituents demonstrated that they inhibit parasite growth, with clove essential being the most effective one (IC(50)=99.5 microg/ml for epimastigotes and 57.5 microg/ml for trypomastigotes). Ultrastructural alterations were observed mainly in the nucleus.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18080287?ordinalpos=12&itool=EntrezSystem2...
Pest Manag Sci. 2008 Mar;64(3):223-9.Click here to read Links
Dose-response effects of clove oil from Syzygium aromaticum on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita.
Meyer SL, Lakshman DK, Zasada IA, Vinyard BT, Chitwood DJ.
USDA, ARS, Nematology Laboratory, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC)-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. Susan.L.Meyer@ars.usda.gov
BACKGROUND: Clove oil, derived from the plant Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry, is active against various organisms, and was prepared in a soy lecithin/detergent formulation to determine concentrations active against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. RESULTS: In microwell assays, the mean effective clove oil concentration that reduced egg hatch by 50% (EC(50)) was 0.097% (v/v) clove oil; the EC(50) for second-stage juvenile (J2) viability was 0.145% clove oil (compared with carrier control treatments). Volatiles from 5.0% clove oil reduced nematode egg hatch in water by 30%, and decreased viability of hatched J2 by as much as 100%. Reductions were not as large with nematodes in carrier. In soil trials with J2 recovered from Baermann funnels, the EC(50) = 0.192% clove oil (compared with water controls).
CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the tested formulation is active against M. incognita eggs and J2, that the EC(50) values for J2 in the microwell studies and the soil recovery tests were similar to each other and that direct contact with the clove oil is needed for optimal management results with this natural product. (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.