Medical Checkup

I just wanna ask what it means by having medical checkup. I mean those once a year type. What it consists? I assume it consists of

1. Urine test
2. Blood test
3. Scanning

I began to take it a little more seriously ever since my friend diagnose with nose cancer.

Can this medical checkup detect cancer? I know scanning got few type like ultrasound, CT scan, MRI. Which one can detect cancer? If can detect is in early stage, will be much easier to cure.

Thanks.