Re: A note about stainless steel handholds.

Thank you for your information.
Any metal could be bad in a weak system. Some more than others

This is why it is so important to control its migration.

This is why it is so important to put a conductive barrier to the migration of electrode metal in the body. One to 2 layers of wet paper (more conductive if diluted with salt) will be a healthy, simple solution to this problem.

About stainless steel. It is often used in food processing and hospital tools.
Without the use of current, it is maybe safe to use-it, but in a zapper…

From this page (nothing to sale)
http://www.ezw.zapperwise.com/e_pub-exaggeration.html#Stainless

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"Using stainless steel on electrodes"
"Because zappers are using a Direct Current for their work, we have two distinct flows :

1_ An electronic flow made out of negative charges (electrons), going from the negative output to the positive output THROUGH YOU.

2_ A less known flow of positive charges (positively charged ions, made out of the material composition of the positive electrode), flowing from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, THROUGH YOU. Electrolysis and electroplating uses this phenomenon to their advantage. Irritated skin is another side effect of this flow going always on the same direction.

Any metal in direct contact with the skin will release positively charged molecules IN your body. This is one of the reasons why Dr Clark always recommended to use a wet kitchen paper between electrodes and your body.

The interesting part of this issue now : Composition of a general purpose Stainless Steel (302 grade) :
Iron : around 72%; Chromium : 16-18%; Nickel : 8-10%; Manganese : 2%
On the other hand, composition of C11000 copper : 99.90% copper.
Which one would you use, with your zapper?

About conductivity :
Copper has a resistivity of 0.017_uOhm*m
Iron has a resistivity of 0.1_uOhm*m
Even when not shiny, copper is a much better conductor than iron or stainless could be."

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Shiny stain-less steel is beautiful. I prefer copper.
Note: Copper mixed with Chlorine (as so many “drinkable” water from your tap has) will make a chemical compound Copper Chloride, toxic. You will see-it by the greenish, bluish tint the paper takes. It is good practice to take a new paper for each session, even a 7-20, and to take a look from time to time if powerful zappers or duration zapping is used.