herbology level 2 lessons 11 - 14

11
The Digestive System
The Digestive system includes the oral cavity, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. Through the synergistic action of these organs, the body partakes of food, digests it, absorbs its nutrients, and converts food residue into feces for removal outside the body.
The Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus
Inside the adult oral cavity are 32 teeth and three pairs of Salivary glands that secrete saliva. One pair of salivary glands, the Parotid glands. is located just below the ear toward the front. The pharynx connects with the esophagus, and the esophagus with the stomach. After food has been mixed with saliva and mixed around in the mouth by the tongue and masticated by the teeth, it is swallowed via the pharynx, through the esophagus into the stomach. When the esophagus becomes narrowed as the result of tumor growth or damage, it may become difficult for any swallowing to take place. Should vains along the esophageal wall become congested as the result of liver cirrhosis, venous rupture may result.
The Stomach.
The largest and most expansive part of the digestive tract, the stomach, which is located in the upper abdominal cavity, receives and digests food. The upper opening of the stomach, called the Cardiac orifice at its juncture with the esophagus, is usually tightly closed to prevent regurgitation of food back up the esophagus into the oral cavity. In the young infant, the cardiac orifice is not as strong, so regurgitation of milk is commonly seen. The exit of the stomach is the Pyloric Orifice which connects with the duodenum. The gastric mucosa secretes gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid. Gastric ulcers are usually found in the mucosa at the lesser stomach curvature and near the duodenum.

The Intestines
1. The Small Intestines: Divided into the Duodenum, Jejunum, and the Ileum. The small intestine secretes intestinal juice that combines with bile and pancreatic juice in the duodenum to continue with the digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and transport of food residues into the large intestine.
2. The Large Intestine: Divided into the Cecum, Colon, and Rectum. Its function is continuing the absorption of water and inorganic salts and evacuation of feces through the anus, the exit of the rectum. At the terminal; end of the Cecum is a wormlike protrusion called the Appendix. When the appendix is inflamed, it can cause abdominal pain. Sometimes veins along the rectal wall become congested and stretched because of stagnating circulation, to result in Hemorrhoids.
The Liver:
The Liver is divided into left and right lobes, most of it located in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity. It is not usually palpable in adults. The liver has several functions, such as rendering harmless certain toxic byproducts of body metabolism, manufacturing and storing many nutrients (such as glucose and vitamins), storing blood, making blood, and breaking down products of metabolism.
The Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
The gallbladder is located inferior to the liver. Bile produced by the liver is passed first the gallbladder, via the hepatic and cystic ducts, for storage. Should stones be formed in the gallbladder, they could obstruct the bile ducts.
The Pancreas
The pancreas is located posterior and inferior to the stomach, the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which flows into the duodenum via the Pancreatic Duct to aid in the digestion of food.

The Peritoneum
The peritoneum is a smooth and white membranous layer. The layer that adheres to the inner abdominal wall is the Parietal Peritoneum; that layer covering the visceral surfaces is the Visceral Peritoneum. The space between these two peritoneal layers is the Peritoneal Cavity. A small amount of synovial fluid is usually found in this cavity, but when the peritoneum is inflamed, this fluid increases and becomes purulent. In heart dis-ease or kidney dis-ease resulting in systemic edema or in liver cirrhosis, much of the vascular fluid is leaked into the peritoneal cavity to cause Ascites.

Disorders of the Digestive System
1. Functional Dyspepsia: The common discomfort often described as "indigestion," gaseousness, fullness, or pain that is gnawing or burning in quality and localized to the upper abdomen or chest.
2. Acute Gastritis: Superficial mucosal lesions of the stomach that occur very rapidly in relation to a variety of stresses.
3. Peptic Ulcer: A circumscribed ulceration of the mucus membrane penetrating through the muscularis mucosa and occurring in areas exposed to acid and pepsin.
4. Hyper Acidity of the Stomach: A condition of to much digestive acid, with symptoms of the sensation of burning in the stomach.
5. Hypo Acidity of the Stomach: A condition of to little digestive acid, with symptoms of abdominal bloating after meals, and sometimes seeing undigested food in stool.
6. Carbohydrate Intolerance (latose intolerance): Diarrhea and abdom8inal distention caused by inability to digest carbohydrate because of a lack of one or more intestinal enzymes.
7. Enteriteritis: The inflammation of the intestine due to viral or bacterial infection or other disorder, usually marked by diarrhea.
8. Cron's Disease: A cronic inflammatory condition affecting the colon and /or terminal part of the small intestine and producing symptoms of frequent episodes of diarrhea, abdominal pain fever, weakness and weight loss.
9 Ulcerative Colitis: A chronic, nonspecific, inflammatory and ulcerative dis-ease arising in the colonic mucosa, characterized most often by bloody diarrhea.
10. Irritable Bowel Syndromes (spastic colon): Motility disorders involving the small intestine and large bowel associated with variable degrees of abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea, largely as a reaction to stress in a susceptible individual.
11. Diverticulitis: The Inflammation of one or more diverticula leading to obstruction or perforation, and to abscess and fistula formation.
12. Anal Fissure: An acute longitudinal tear or a cronic ovoid ulcer in the stratified squamous epithelium of the anal canal
13. Jaundice: A yellow discoloration of the skin, scerrae, and other tissues due to excess circulating bilirubin.
14. Fatty Liver: The abnormal accumulation of fat in heptocytes, said to occur in 25% of all persons and to be the commonest response of the liver to injury.
15. Fibrosis: Excess fibrous tissue in the liver resulting passively from collapse and condensation of preexisting fibers or actively through the synthesis of new fibers by fibroblasts.
16. Cirrhosis: The disorganization of liver architecture by widespread fibrosis resulting in nodule formation.
17. Hepatitis: An inflammatory process in the liver characterized by diffuse or patchy hepatocellular necrosis.
18. Biliary Calculi (gallstones): The presence of calculi in the gallbladder (choleithiasis) or in the biliary ducts (choledocholithiasis).

Herbal Formulas for the Digestive System
1. For Hyper or Hypo Acid Stomach
1. One teaspoon of Apple Cider Vinegar.
2. One teaspoon of Honey.
3. Eight ounces of Filtered Water.
Combine the above and drink the full 8oz with each meal until the condition is resolved.
2. A Herbal Formula for All Ulcers and Bleeding (stomach and intestinal).
1. Cayenne (Capsicum Frutescens)
2. White Oak (Quercus Alba)
3. Comfrey (Symphytum Officinale)
4. Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus)
5. Catnip (Nepeta Cataria)
3. A Herbal Formula for All Bowel Disorders
1. Senna (cassia Acutifolia)
2. White Oak (Quercus Alba)
3. Fennel (Foeniculum Valgare)
4. Golden Seal (Hydrastis Canadensis)
5. Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus Purshiana)
4. A Herbal Formula for Parasites and Worms
1. Black Walnut (Junglans Nigra)
2. Wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium)
3. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)
4. Senna (Cassia Acutifolia)
5. Red Clover (Trifolium Pratence)


5. A Herbal Formula for Colic, Gas, Cramps and Heart burn
1. Fennel (Foeniculum Valgare)
2. Peppermint (Mentha Piperita)
3. Catnip (Nepta Vataria)
6. A Herbal Formula for Nausea, Motion Sickness and Morning Sickness
1. Red Raspberry (Rubus Idaeus)
2. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)
7. A Herbal Formula for the Liver and Gallbladder (including stones)
1. Queen Of The Meadow ( Eupatorium Purpureum)
2. Hydrangea (Hydrangea Arborescens)
3. Chamomile (Anthemis Nobilis)
4. Dandilion (Taraxacum Officinale)
5. Bayberry (Myrica Cerifra)
6. Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum)



12
The Urinary System
The Urinary system consists of the Kidneys, the Ureters, the Bladder, and the Urethra.
1. The Kidneys are located, one on each side of the spine at the level of the waist.
Each kidney consists of several parts: the Cortex, the Medulla, the Calyces and the Renal Pelvis. Many Glomerula and Renal Tubules wind through the Cortical and Medullary regions and join with other tubules as they enter the renal pelvis through the Calces.
The Kidneys filter and excrete waste and toxic substances. When blood courses through the renal glomeruli and tubules, most of the water content and some useful substances it contains are reabsorbed into the circulation and leaves behind urine. The 24 hour volume of urine passed by an adult ranges between 1500 and 200 ml. Normal urine should not contain any blood, albumin, or sugar.
2. The Ureters; Located on each side of the spine inside the posterior abdominal wall. Superiorly it joins the renal pelvis, inferiorly, the urinary, the urinary bladder.
3. The Urinary Bladder; Located in the center of the lower pelvis anterior to the rectum (in the female, anterior to the uterus), the urinary bladder is a highly elastic muscular sac used for the temporary storage of urine.
4. The Urethra; Superiorly, it connects with the bladder; inferiorly, it opens outside the body. The female urethra which is shorter is used only for passing urine. The longer male urethra is used for passage of urine and seminal fluid.


Disorders of the Urinary system
1. Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder and ureters, characterized by pain, urgency and frequency of urination, and blood in the urine.
2. Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney, characterized by flank pain, and tenderness over kidneys.
3. Incontinence: The inability to control urination.
4. Urinary Calculus: A stone formed in any part of the urinary system.
5. Ureteritis: Inflammation of the ureter, caused by infection or the passage of a stone.
6. Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra, usually with symptoms of painful urination, most commonly caused by bladder or kidney infection.

A Herbal Formula for the Urinary System
1. BearBerry (Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi)
2. Juniper Berry (Juniper Comonus)
3. Hydrangea (Hydrangea Arborescens)
4. Parsley (Petroselinum Savtivum)
5. White Oak Bark (Quercus Alba)









13

The Female Reproductive System
1. The Vagina. The passage that joins the external and internal genitals. The upper part of the Vagina that surrounds the cervix of the uterus is called the Fornix. Inferiorly, the vagina opens out into the Vulva. The anterior wall of the vagina is adjacent to the urinary bladder and urethra; its posterior wall, to the rectum.
2. The Uterus. Located within the pelvis, the pear-shaped Uterus is the site for fetal growth and development and for menses formation. The wall of the uterus is divided into three layers: The Serous Coat, the Muscular Layer, and the Membranous Lining (endometrium). The center of the uterus is a cavity that communicates with the vagina via the Cervix. Uppermost is the Fundus of the Uterus with two Fallopian Tubes opening laterally from each side. The central part is the Body, and the lower part is the cervix. The uterus is about 7.5 cm in length, tilted slightly anteriorly, and anchored inside the pelvic cavity by three pairs of ligaments. The bladder is located anterior to the uterus; the rectum, posterior to it.
3. Fallopian Tubes. As the passageway for transporting the ovum, the fallopian tubes are located one on each side, leading laterally from the fundus of the uterus and opening into the peritoneal cavity through the upper part of the ovaries.
4. The Ovaries. About the size of a almond, the ovaries are located on each side of the uterus. Ova and female hormones are produced here.
Ovulation generally occurs once a month, halfway between menstrual periods, when the ovum is discharged form the ovary. The period that the avum remains viable ranges from several hours to about five days. The female hormones can stimulate the sexual organs, the mammary glands and growth changes in the female figure. Furthermore, the ovaries and other endocrine organs also complement the action of each other.

The ovaries also affect the membranous lining of the uterus sufficiently for it to undergo cyclic changes. This cycle of proliferation, secretion, and denuding of the uterine mucosa, and bleeding from the uterus is Menstruation. This cycle generally occurs every 28 days. The menstrual flow, lasting three to five days, generally measures 10-100 ml.
A Herbal Formula for all Female Reproductive system dis-orders
1. False Unicorn (Chamaelirium Luteum)
2. Cramp Bark (Viburnum Opulus)
3. Damiana (Turnera Aphrodisiaca)
4. Red Raspberry (Rubus Idaeus)
5. Squawvine (Mitchella Repens)
6. Sarsaparilla (Smilax Ornata)









14

The Male Reproductive System
1. The Testes. The testes, which are located inside the scrotum, one on each side, are glands responsible for sperm production and manufacture of the male sex hormone, Testosterone. Testosterone stimulates growth and development of male sexual organs and appearance of certain male physical characteristics (beard, voice change, etc).
The Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Seminal Vesicle, and the Prostate Gland all participate in semen production and ejaculation.
A Herbal Formula for all Male Reproductive System dis-orders
1. Saw Palmetto (Serenoa Serrulata)
2. Sarsaparilla (Smilax Ornata)
3. False Unicorn (Chamaelirium Luteum)
4. Damiana (Turnera Aphrodisiaca)
5. Ginkgo (Ginkgo Biloba)
6. Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolium)









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