herbology level 2 lessons 9 and 10

9
The Respiratory System
The important function of the respiratory system is inhalation of oxygen in the air and the exhalation of carbon dioxide from the body. It consists of the Nasopharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs. The lungs are the sites of gaseous exchange, and the other parts are the air entrance and exit passageways.
1. The Nasopharynx and the Larynx: As the entrance and passageway for the respiratory tract, the Nasopharynx and the larynx prevent dust and foreign matter from entering the trachea.
2. The Trachea: Joined to the larynx above, the trachea subdivides at its lower junction into the left and right Bronchi which further subdivides into numerous Bronchioles that connect with the Alveoli. The walls of the trachea are formed by cartilage rings that maintain an open passageway. The mucus membrane lining the walls secrete a mucus that catches dust and bacteria from the air coming into the lungs. When inflammation is present, this secretion is increased and becomes Sputum that is usually coughed up.
3. The Lungs: The lungs are made up of numerous alveoli that are lined with a rich vascular network. The gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place within the alveoli. Many adjacently connecting alveoli group to form small pulmonary Lobules, and many lobules group to form a lobe. The left lung has two lobes, and the right lung has three lobes.
Because of movement by the chest wall and the diaphragm, the lungs will expand and contract to carry out gaseous exchange. In a normal person, the number of respiration's per minute ranges between 16 and 20 times. During Physical exertion, nervous excitement or fever, the respiration's are increased.
4. The Pleura: The pleura protects the lungs, it consists of two thin membranes; one covering the surface of the lungs, and the other attached to the inner surface of the chest wall. The closed space between these two membranes is the Pleural Cavity.
Disorders of the Respiratory System
1. Dyspnea: An unpleasant sensation of difficulty in breathing.
2. Wheeze: Awareness of wheezing or whistling noises associated with breathing.
3. Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood as a result of bleeding from the respiratory tract.
4. Bronchial Asthma: A reversible obstructive lung disorder characterized by increased responsiveness of the airways.
5. Acute Bronchitis: The acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree, generally self-limited and with eventual complete healing and return of function.
6. Pneumonia: An acute infection of lung parenchyma including alveolar spaces and interstitial tissue; involvement may be confined to an entire lobe (lobar pneumonia), a segment of a lobe (segmental pneumonia, alveoli contiguous to bronchi (bronchopneumonia), or interstitial tissue (interstitial pneumonia).
Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, virus, or fungus. Regardless of the cause, it is to be treated as follows: use the anti- microbial formula, the fever/flu formula, and the respiratory syrup all as directed.
7. Pleurisy: The inflammation of the pleura, often characterized clinically by pain worsened by respiration and cough.
8. Emphysema: A condition of the lungs in which there is over inflation of the alveoli, leading to the breakdown of their walls.
9. Influenza: A specific acute viral respiratory disease characterized by fever, coryza, cough, headache, malaise, and inflamed respiratory mucus membranes.
10. The Common Cold: An acute, usually afebrile, viral infection of the respiratory tract, with inflammation in any or all airways, including the nose, paranasal sinuses, throat, and larynx, and often the trachea and bronchi.
11. Croup: A dis-ease of infants and young children, characterized by harsh coughing, hoarseness, fever, and difficulty breathing, usually caused by viral infection.

12. Whooping Cough (Pertussis): An acute, contagious, respiratory dis-ease, occurring most commonly in young children and characterized by attacks of coughing ending in inspiration with a loud whooping sound.

Herbal Formulas for the Respiratory System
1. Herbal Anti Microbial Formula
1. Echinacea (Echinacea Augustifolia)
2. Golden Seal (Hydrastis Canadensis)
3. Chaparral (Larrea Divaricata)
4. Black Walnut (Junglans Nigra)
5. Burdock (Arctium Lappa)
6. Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale)
2. A Herbal Formula for All Fevers and Flu
1. Elder Flower (Sambucus Nigar)
2. Peppermint (Mentha Piperita)
3. Echinacea (Echinacea Agustifolia)
4. Boneset (Eupatorium Perfoliatum)
5. Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale)
3. A Herbal Formula for Nasal Congestion and Hay fever
1. Horseradish (Cochlearia Armoracia)
2. Marshmallow (Althaea Officnalis)
3. Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus)
4. Sage (Salvia Officinalis)
5. Feverfew (Chrysanthemum Parthenium)

4. A Herbal Formula for Pneumonia, Emphysema, Asthma and Whooping Cough
1. Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris)
2. Horehound (Marrubium Vulgare)
3. Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus)
4. Marshmallow (Althaea Officinalis)
5. Pleurisy Root (Asclepias Tuberosa)
6. Chaparral (Larrea Divaricata)
7. 1/4 part Lobelia (Lobelia Inflata)
8. 1/4 part Cayenne (Capsicum Frutescens)








10
The Digestive System
The Digestive system includes the oral cavity, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. Through the synergistic action of these organs, the body partakes of food, digests it, absorbs its nutrients, and converts food residue into feces for removal outside the body.
The Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus
Inside the adult oral cavity are 32 teeth and three pairs of Salivary glands that secrete saliva. One pair of salivary glands, the Parotid glands. is located just below the ear toward the front. The pharynx connects with the esophagus, and the esophagus with the stomach. After food has been mixed with saliva and mixed around in the mouth by the tongue and masticated by the teeth, it is swallowed via the pharynx, through the esophagus into the stomach. When the esophagus becomes narrowed as the result of tumor growth or damage, it may become difficult for any swallowing to take place. Should vains along the esophageal wall become congested as the result of liver cirrhosis, venous rupture may result.
The Stomach.
The largest and most expansive part of the digestive tract, the stomach, which is located in the upper abdominal cavity, receives and digests food. The upper opening of the stomach, called the Cardiac orifice at its juncture with the esophagus, is usually tightly closed to prevent regurgitation of food back up the esophagus into the oral cavity. In the young infant, the cardiac orifice is not as strong, so regurgitation of milk is commonly seen. The exit of the stomach is the Pyloric Orifice which connects with the duodenum. The gastric mucosa secretes gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid. Gastric ulcers are usually found in the mucosa at the lesser stomach curvature and near the duodenum.

The Intestines
1. The Small Intestines: Divided into the Duodenum, Jejunum, and the Ileum. The small intestine secretes intestinal juice that combines with bile and pancreatic juice in the duodenum to continue with the digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and transport of food residues into the large intestine.
2. The Large Intestine: Divided into the Cecum, Colon, and Rectum. Its function is continuing the absorption of water and inorganic salts and evacuation of feces through the anus, the exit of the rectum. At the terminal; end of the Cecum is a wormlike protrusion called the Appendix. When the appendix is inflamed, it can cause abdominal pain. Sometimes veins along the rectal wall become congested and stretched because of stagnating circulation, to result in Hemorrhoids.
The Liver:
The Liver is divided into left and right lobes, most of it located in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity. It is not usually palpable in adults. The liver has several functions, such as rendering harmless certain toxic byproducts of body metabolism, manufacturing and storing many nutrients (such as glucose and vitamins), storing blood, making blood, and breaking down products of metabolism.
The Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
The gallbladder is located inferior to the liver. Bile produced by the liver is passed first the gallbladder, via the hepatic and cystic ducts, for storage. Should stones be formed in the gallbladder, they could obstruct the bile ducts.
The Pancreas
The pancreas is located posterior and inferior to the stomach, the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which flows into the duodenum via the Pancreatic Duct to aid in the digestion of food.

The Peritoneum
The peritoneum is a smooth and white membranous layer. The layer that adheres to the inner abdominal wall is the Parietal Peritoneum; that layer covering the visceral surfaces is the Visceral Peritoneum. The space between these two peritoneal layers is the Peritoneal Cavity. A small amount of synovial fluid is usually found in this cavity, but when the peritoneum is inflamed, this fluid increases and becomes purulent. In heart dis-ease or kidney dis-ease resulting in systemic edema or in liver cirrhosis, much of the vascular fluid is leaked into the peritoneal cavity to cause Ascites.

Disorders of the Digestive System
1. Functional Dyspepsia: The common discomfort often described as "indigestion," gaseousness, fullness, or pain that is gnawing or burning in quality and localized to the upper abdomen or chest.
2. Acute Gastritis: Superficial mucosal lesions of the stomach that occur very rapidly in relation to a variety of stresses.
3. Peptic Ulcer: A circumscribed ulceration of the mucus membrane penetrating through the muscularis mucosa and occurring in areas exposed to acid and pepsin.
4. Hyper Acidity of the Stomach: A condition of to much digestive acid, with symptoms of the sensation of burning in the stomach.
5. Hypo Acidity of the Stomach: A condition of to little digestive acid, with symptoms of abdominal bloating after meals, and sometimes seeing undigested food in stool.
6. Carbohydrate Intolerance (latose intolerance): Diarrhea and abdom8inal distention caused by inability to digest carbohydrate because of a lack of one or more intestinal enzymes.
7. Enteriteritis: The inflammation of the intestine due to viral or bacterial infection or other disorder, usually marked by diarrhea.
8. Cron's Disease: A cronic inflammatory condition affecting the colon and /or terminal part of the small intestine and producing symptoms of frequent episodes of diarrhea, abdominal pain fever, weakness and weight loss.
9 Ulcerative Colitis: A chronic, nonspecific, inflammatory and ulcerative dis-ease arising in the colonic mucosa, characterized most often by bloody diarrhea.
10. Irritable Bowel Syndromes (spastic colon): Motility disorders involving the small intestine and large bowel associated with variable degrees of abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea, largely as a reaction to stress in a susceptible individual.
11. Diverticulitis: The Inflammation of one or more diverticula leading to obstruction or perforation, and to abscess and fistula formation.
12. Anal Fissure: An acute longitudinal tear or a cronic ovoid ulcer in the stratified squamous epithelium of the anal canal
13. Jaundice: A yellow discoloration of the skin, scerrae, and other tissues due to excess circulating bilirubin.
14. Fatty Liver: The abnormal accumulation of fat in heptocytes, said to occur in 25% of all persons and to be the commonest response of the liver to injury.
15. Fibrosis: Excess fibrous tissue in the liver resulting passively from collapse and condensation of preexisting fibers or actively through the synthesis of new fibers by fibroblasts.
16. Cirrhosis: The disorganization of liver architecture by widespread fibrosis resulting in nodule formation.
17. Hepatitis: An inflammatory process in the liver characterized by diffuse or patchy hepatocellular necrosis.
18. Biliary Calculi (gallstones): The presence of calculi in the gallbladder (choleithiasis) or in the biliary ducts (choledocholithiasis).

Herbal Formulas for the Digestive System
1. For Hyper or Hypo Acid Stomach
1. One teaspoon of Apple Cider Vinegar.
2. One teaspoon of Honey.
3. Eight ounces of Filtered Water.
Combine the above and drink the full 8oz with each meal until the condition is resolved.
2. A Herbal Formula for All Ulcers and Bleeding (stomach and intestinal).
1. Cayenne (Capsicum Frutescens)
2. White Oak (Quercus Alba)
3. Comfrey (Symphytum Officinale)
4. Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus)
5. Catnip (Nepeta Cataria)
3. A Herbal Formula for All Bowel Disorders
1. Senna (cassia Acutifolia)
2. White Oak (Quercus Alba)
3. Fennel (Foeniculum Valgare)
4. Golden Seal (Hydrastis Canadensis)
5. Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus Purshiana)
4. A Herbal Formula for Parasites and Worms
1. Black Walnut (Junglans Nigra)
2. Wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium)
3. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)
4. Senna (Cassia Acutifolia)
5. Red Clover (Trifolium Pratence)


5. A Herbal Formula for Colic, Gas, Cramps and Heart burn
1. Fennel (Foeniculum Valgare)
2. Peppermint (Mentha Piperita)
3. Catnip (Nepta Vataria)
6. A Herbal Formula for Nausea, Motion Sickness and Morning Sickness
1. Red Raspberry (Rubus Idaeus)
2. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)
7. A Herbal Formula for the Liver and Gallbladder (including stones)
1. Queen Of The Meadow ( Eupatorium Purpureum)
2. Hydrangea (Hydrangea Arborescens)
3. Chamomile (Anthemis Nobilis)
4. Dandilion (Taraxacum Officinale)
5. Bayberry (Myrica Cerifra)
6. Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum)
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