Re: 6v lantern battery? Sorry, good thoughts

O.K. I am not making up all this! Someone was complaining about this in my private email. He says it doesn't exits. So here is a university study, one was from University of Berkely and another from Stanford University that proves that water acts as a battery to store the aether which is a quanta of electromagnetic radiation bought about by high voltage. If you still think I am dreaming read up on Gray's motor which is powered based on this same energy, sometimes referred to as "free energy". This is what is causing the water to have amazing healing properties:

http://pureenergysystems.com/os/EdGrayMotor/PM_PEM_MG/theory/spark/mechanism_...

The mechanism of the electric spark

by: Leonard B Loeb, Professor of Physics ,University of California at Berkeley; and John M Meek, Research Engineer; Publisher: Stanford University, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1941.

"This was the first real monograph you could get hold of on sparks." (IEEE)
Preface Comment
From: Gary Magratten
To: Sterling D. Allan
Sent: Friday, June 04, 2004 6:30 PM
Subject: Mechanism of the Electric Spark, Pupoff and Mark McKay

Dear Sterling,
Attached is the summary of " The Mechanism of The Electric Spark" by Loeb and Meek.
The work of Loeb and Meek basically states that in a spark gap
exposed to open air consisting of a simple cathode and anode,
there is a huge current gain due to avalanche. The work of Loeb and
Meek is significant for two reasons; 1)During the ionization of
air molecules into positive ions and negative ions, (free electrons)
a quanta of EMR is required to liberate each electron.
When the free electrons are absorbed by the high voltage anode
the free electrons become bound again, and give up a quanta
of electromagnetic radiation. Because of the huge increase in
free electrons developed in avalanche the amount of EMR given
off by the high voltage anode is in the range of hundred to thousand
fold increase. Thus the huge "Radiant Event".
2) In both circuits the current from avalanche is recycled back to the
primary battery and the secondary battery. Please look at the circuit and
trace the path. Thus a never ending supply of current.
Loeb and Meek were professors of physics at Berkeley and
their work is well established by many test.
When Mark [Mckay] and I were first doing research on the Gray Circuit
we (especially he) kept blowing up components. It was a year before
I read the rare book by Loeb and Meek that explained why the
components were blowing up. There was a current gain of 500%
with the open air, high voltage spark gap.
The use of steel for the high voltage anode is also critical to
a large 'Radiant Event'. I (believe) that the magnetic properties of
steel play an important role in the release of this energy.
Keep up the good work!
Gary Magratten
'The Mechanism of The Electric Spark'

by Loeb and Meek
A Summary
The Generation of Electric Power by High Voltage Avalanche

Also available in PDF with formatting from http://www.faraday.ru "Excessive Output by Means of Air Ionization: The Mechanism of the Electric Spark"

Dedicated to:
Professor J. S. Townsend
Whose pioneer research and theory laid the whole foundation for the study of the mechanism of the electrical spark discharge.
Preface

Although the electric spark has been known to mankind in its various manifestations from time immemorial, its mechanism has to date been little understood. The initial clarification of the mechanisms involved is due to J.S. Townsend as a result of his brilliant researches in the early nineteen hundreds. On the basis of his theory of ionization by collision by electrons and positive ions, the fundamental mechanisms active and especially the coefficients required in their application were made available.

In 1936 the present senior author was forced to describe the mechanism of spark discharge in terms of a modified but distinctly unsatisfactory Townsend theory. In 1935 the discovery of photo-ionization in air by corona discharge indicated a solution was not far off. The turning point of a more successful theory came in the discovery of streamers in positive point to plane corona in 1936. The quantitative analysis of the self-propagating positive streamer in all breakdown phenomena became clearly evident as a result of the data concerning electron avalanches. As a result a qualitative mechanism of sparking by streamer propagation from anode to cathode functioning by means of photo-ionization in the gas was established.
The Townsend Sparking Criteria

It will not be necessary here to derive the famous equation of Townsend for the current [i] in a gap between electrodes as a function of the photoelectric current [io] from the cathode, the gap length [x] and the coefficients [a] and [B]. For this the reader can go to any standard text.
(a-B)x
i=io(a-B)e
----------------
(a-B)x
a-Be
In this equation the first Townsend coefficient [a] represents the number of new electrons created in the gas by an intial electron in its advance of 1 cm along the field axis from the cathode.
The second Townsend coefficient [B] in Townsend's original theory was the number of new electrons created by a single positive ion in its advance of 1 cm along the field from the anode.
The quantity [a] has been extensively studied in various gases. It varies with the ratio of field strength to pressure, X/p, where [X] is in volts per centimeter and [p] is in millimeters of Hg.

note: the reason we are going through this is to determine
the actual increase in current provided by the spark gap,
and thus be able to design the circuit to avoid
blowing out semiconductor components.
It also provides a sound and already proven scientific
theory to work from giving us a good foundation and the
confidence to proceed with technical design work.

The quantity [B] has been evaluated, albeit rather inaccurately, from the
variations of [i] with [x] at various higher values of X/p, by many observers in
different gases. Inasmuch as it has now been shown that there are numerous
other mechanisms other than impact with positive ions which can liberate
the secondary electron needed in discharge.
There has been an inclination to give up the mechanism of impact
ionizations by positive ions in gas. The discovery of measurable photoelectric
ionization in gas has now made it possible to explain such cases.
The exact way in which photo-ionization in the gas could operate to cause a spark,
was not clear until the development of the present streamer theory.
Two of these equations are given below, together with Townsend's original
equation for comparison.

1) (a-B)x
i=io (a-B)e
__________
(a-B)x
a-Be
________________________________________________________________

2) ax
i = io e
_________________
ax
1-y(e -1)
____________________________________________________________

3)
ax
i= io e
___________________
(a-u)x
a- nQg [ e -1]

Equation 2 is one for the liberation of secondary electrons at the cathode by positive ion bombardment. I this equation [y] is the chance that a positive -ion will liberate an electron from the cathode on impact.
Equation 3 is the equation for liberation of electrons by photoelectric action at the cathode.; [Q] is the number of photons created per centimeter path of advance of an intial electron from the cathode. [g] is a geometrical factor .5. which depends on the fraction of photons reaching the cathode. [n] is the fraction of the photons reaching the cathode that succeed in actually liberating electrons from the cathode so they do not diffuse back. [u] is the absorption coefficient of the photons in the gas.
The Streamer Theory of Spark Discharge
Anode Space-Charge Field Due to an Avalanche

Assume a spark gap of 1 cm in length. Assume that in air at atmospheric pressure the potential across the plates is 31,600 volts, which is the conventionally observed sparking potential [Vs].
Let us then calculate what happens in the field to one of those electrons. It starts across the gap, quickly acquiring an average random energy of some E=1/2mC2= 3.6 electron volts and a drift velocity [v] in the field direction of about 1.5 to 2 times 10(7) centimeters per second. As it moves it creates new electrons at a rate of [a] per centimeters in the field direction so that in a distance [x] it and its progeny amount to e(ax) electrons, forming what is called an electron avalanche.
Therefore, e(ax) positive ions have been left behind by the electron group, virtually where they were formed in the 10(-7) second of advance for the electrons in the distance x=q across the plates. As the electron avalanche advances, its tip is spreading laterally by the random diffusive movement of the electrons.
From these data it is possible to compute the density of positive-ion space charge left behind at any point [x]. The value of [a] under these conditions is about 17, making e(aq)=e(17). The first ion pair is created at .0407 cm from the cathode. At .5 cm from the cathode there are 4914 ions, at .75 cm there are 3.66 times 10(5) ions, and within .0407 cm from the anode there are 1.2 times 10(7) ions. Most electrons will be drawn to the anode except for some few that are bound by the positive ions, making a sort of a conducting discharge plasma in the avalanche.
Such a distribution of ions does not make a conducting filament of charges across the gap, and hence in itself an avalanche that has crossed does not constitute a breakdown of the gap. Thus one must look further for the mechanism of the spark.

If Loeb and Meek are correct then if we assume
a spark gap of 3 mm and a voltage of 5,000 volts
there are roughly 2,000 electrons created by avalanche
for every one electron leaving the cathode.
They state that most of these 'free electrons' are
absorbed by the anode.
[This would certainly explain why the semiconductor components
can not handle the current gain.]

NOTE: Loeb and Meek make little reference to initial amperage.
There are only two values they refer to 10(-5) ampere and 10(-12) ampere.

In conclusion: Sparks and Arcs are two different beast. My initial research into the amperage necessary to form an arc does not apply to spark and the process of avalanche where this huge gain mechanism is possible. Tweet