Yes, these biorhythms are integrally regulated by the earth's rotation around its axis, and thus cause health problems for people who choose to experience this type of living.
There are numerous studies to show that the immune system of night shift workers are increasingly impaired. You can also expect major hormonal imbalances and accelerated aging. Serotonin and melatonin cycles are particulary disrupted. The lack of natural sunlight not only keeps serotonin low and thereby can cause depression, but it also disrupts normal digestive and eliminative functions. Oftentimes, night shift workers start drinking alcohol to prevent serotonin from breaking down in the blood (which alcohol does). This can eventually lead to addiction to alcohol or candy/choccolate. There is a lot more information on these hormones and their importance for the body and mind in Timeless Secrets of Health & Rejuvenation.