A very common supplication to God by the Yoruba people of Nigeria is: May God save us from: A person who knows us and undo us; A person who does not know us but will undo us, and; A person who will undo us and at the same time be sympathising with us.

When it comes to the Blackman, our undoings have always come from the people we trusted right from the time of classical slavery to the present indirect slavery managed by appointed slave overseers sitting as head of governments in Africa. On Ebola, if deaths of children are always preceded by the howling of witches, it must be sensible to consider the witches among other suspects for the cause of deaths among children. That is not a conspiracy theory but what experience has taught us.

In August 2014, Gabriel Olawale of the Nigerian Vanguard Newspaper published an interview he conducted with Professor Maurice Iwu concerning hemorrhagic fever. The honourable Professor and former Chairman of Independent Nigeria Electoral Commission (INEC), Maurice Iwu, was partly credited with the following statements,

"I belong to a research group which was established around 1985. WHAT WE WERE INTERESTED IN AS AT THAT TIME WAS MEDICAL CONDITION OR IF YOU LIKE YOU CAN CALL IT DISEASE HUNTING, GOING FOR THOSE DISEASES THAT ARE NOT IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN, DISEASES THAT PEOPLE DON'T KNOW ABOUT. WE TRY TO LOOK FOR ANYTHING THAT CAN CURE THEM.

AND THE US MILITARY TOOK NOTICE OF US AND INVITED US TO WORK FOR THEM, SO FOR TEN YEARS I WORKED AT THE DIVISION OF EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS OF WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH, WASHINGTON D.C. ON THIS KIND OF DISEASE."

We do not know whether Professor Iwu's research group in 1985 was established in Nigeria (Africa) or USA to make the US military take notice of them. However, and no matter where Iwu's research group might have been stationed, the interest for their research should normally have attracted USA's Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or National Institute of Health (NIH). The question that arises from Professor Iwu's search for diseases that people don't know about is: Where did his group expect to find diseases which are not known to people to find cures for? Without doubt, such diseases could only be searched for amongst animals, insects and birds and having found them the next step is to find out if the diseases in animals, insects and birds could infect or be made to infect humans and to find cure for them.

Although the commercial value of causing diseases in humans and finding cures for them is very great, the political and military advantage and monopoly of such knowledge are immeasurable. The US military interest in Iwu's research for diseases unknown to humans should be illuminated.

In 1973, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) published six volumes of books on The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In volume 2 - C B (Chemical and Biological) Weapons Today, p. 313 - 314, the following is written:

"In 1969, a US Department of Defence spokesman provided a Congressional Committee with the following information: 1. All biological agents up to the present time are representatives of naturally occurring disease, and are thus known by scientists throughout the world. THEY ARE EASILY AVAILABLE TO QUALIFIED SCIENTISTS FOR RESEARCH, EITHER FOR OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE PURPOSE.

2. WITHIN THE NEXT 5 TO 10 YEARS, IT WOULD PROBABLY BE POSSIBLE TO MAKE A NEW INFECTIVE MICRO ORGANISM WHICH COULD DEFER IN CERTAIN IMPORTANT ASPECTS FROM ANY KNOWN DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS. MOST IMPORTANT OF THESE IS THAT IT MIGHT BE REFRACTORY TO THE IMMUNOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC PROCESSES UPON WHICH WE DEPEND TO MAINTAIN OUR RELATIVE FREEDOM FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASE.

3. A RESEARCH PROGRAMME TO EXPLORE THE FEASIBILITY OF THIS COULD BE COMPLETED IN APPROXIMATELY 5 YEARS AT A TOTAL COST OF $1O MILLION."

It was not until 1996 when Dr Leonard G. Horowitz disclosed on page 288 of his book, (The Emerging Viruses: AIDS & Ebola; Nature, Accident or Intentional?) that it became known to the public that the Department of Defence Spokesman who requested and got $10 million to produce disease-causing microorganisms was the then US Deputy Director of Defence, Dr Donald MacArthur. Naturally, when unknown diseases suddenly begin to appear in Africa, we should be able to relate them to Professor Iwu's research group of hunters for unknown diseases to humans, the group's employment in the US military Division of Experimental Therapeutics of Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington DC.

While in the US military laboratory, Professor Maurice Iwu told Vanguard that the role assigned to him was that of a herbalist and it was in that position that he discovered that bitter kola (Garcinia) could stop replication of (but not cure) the virus that causes hemorrhagic fever. This contradicts Professor Iwu's and his research group stated intention in 1985 of hunting for new diseases not known in the public domain and finding cures for them. His bitter kola discovery was not for a new disease not known in the public domain because hemorrhagic fever had been in public domain since 1967.

Between July 20 and August 1967, a total of 600 monkeys of the same species: Cercopithecus aethiops - African Green Monkeys was transported from Uganda to Belgrade and then on to Marburg and Frankfurt in the then Western Germany. Some of the monkeys were sent to Behringwerke AG (Marburg), a subsidiary of German Pharmaceutical giant, Hoechst AG, whose speciality was production of vaccines from monkey tissues.

It was during the work with the tissues of the monkeys in the vaccine company that some of the employees fell sick and developed hemorrhagic fever. By December 1967, a total of 31 persons, from Marburg, Frankfurt and Belgrade, had been infected and out of which seven died. "In September 1967," Laurie Garrett wrote, "a WHO team was sent into Uganda to find out where exactly the monkey virus originated. For three years researchers from the United States, Europe, and East Africa sourced Uganda and Kenya in search of Marburg reservoir. They tested every monkey, ape, rodent, mosquito, tick, hyena, canine, feline and bovine they could get their hands on. But no reservoir of the virus was ever found (p. 57, THE COMING PLAGUE: NEWLY EMERGING DISEASES IN A WORLD OUT OF BALANCE by LAURIE GARRETT)."

On the original source of Marburg disease Dr Horowitz wrote, "Human cases of Marburg disease, Siegert explained, had only been reported in Germany and in Yugoslavia, *although numerous shipments of monkeys from the same dealer were sent simultaneously from Uganda to the USA, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and Switzerland. [Emphasis added]* This prompted a Central African investigation wherein no evidence was found that the disease had occurred in animals or natives there. Thus, most experts concluded that *the reservoir of the Marburg virus* though not found in Cercopithecus aethiops or other animals, must be *in the native habitat of the monkeys in Africa." (p. 388, Emerging Viruses: AIDS and EBOLA - Nature, Accident or Intentional- By Dr Leonard G. Horowitz).

Since Dr Rudolf Siegert did not name the dealer that exported monkeys to the aforementioned countries, a wrong impression was created in readers mind that the Uganda's government was the exporter. But the Ugandan government had signed off the forest resources of Uganda to an American Company, Litton Bionetics Inc. for pittance, which had a large animal catching station in Uganda. Having confirmed that it was Litton Bionetics Inc. that exported the monkeys in question, Dr Horowitz wondered if Litton Bionetics rhabdovirus experiments had not infected some of the monkeys that were sent to Europe.

Earlier on page 387, Dr Horowitz wrote, "Siegert agreed with most authors, that the structural pattern of the*Marburg Virus* exhibited many features similar to a group of viruses known as rhabdoviruses. These included the culprits responsible for rabies and vesicular stomatitis. A more technical name for the Marburg virus was coined from the monkeys who passed it to the victims in Marburg - Rhabdovirus simiae."

Despite the fact that there was no evidence, scientific or otherwise, the Americans insisted that Marburg Virus originated from Africa. Thus, in a 1994 fictional book, HOT ZONE, by Richard Preston and on which the film OUTBREAK was based, the American author claimed: Marburg ... is an African organism, but it has a German name. Viruses are named for where they are first discovered. ...The virus erupted there in 1967, in a factory called the Behring Works, which produced vaccines using kidney cells from African green monkeys. The Behring Works regularly imported monkeys from Uganda. The virus came to Germany hidden somewhere in a series of air shipments of monkeys totaling five or six hundred animals. As few as two or three of the animals were incubating the virus. (p. 25 - 27, HOT ZONE)"

It is very strange that after 28 years, Richard Preston could attribute the cause of hemorrhagic fever that occurred in Marburg, 1967, to an African organism when there was no single scientific paper to substantiate his claim. Of course, viruses and, in fact diseases are named where they are first found, but then, USA refused to name AIDS and the virus that was claimed to cause it after California or San Francisco where Gay Related Immune Deficiency (GRID) but later changed to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first discovered. It has never been investigated either what type of experiments were being conducted on the monkeys in the laboratory which might have been the cause of the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever in pharmaceutical company.

There was no case of Marburg disease or hemorrhagic fever anywhere in the world until August 1976 in a village called Yambuku in the then Republic of Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo) and almost at the same time in South Sudan. About 200 people were said to have died in Yambuku. American military scientists were very quick to be in Yambuku to gather samples for investigations. Very soon the Americans announced that they have successfully isolated the virus that caused hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Yambuku and since according to them the fatality rate was higher than Marburg, even though the virus was of the same strain and morphologically indistinguishable, it was decided to name the Yambuku hemorrhagic fever, EBOLA, after a nearby river. But once upon a time Dr Robert Gallo gave the world a family of viruses serially named HTLV-I, HTLV-II and HTLV-III. Why couldn't we have Marburg-I, and Marburg-II? However, Ebola disappeared without knowing the source and cause of its sudden appearance in Yambuku while monkeys in general remained the prime suspect by the American military scientists.

On October 4, 1989, Hazleton Biological Military Research Contractor at Reston, a suburb to Washington DC, USA, received 500 wild monkeys from the Philippines. The monkeys were placed one by one in each cage in lit rooms. A month later, 29 of the apes had died. On the 13th of November 1989, autopsy was conducted on one of the dead monkeys. The cause of death was suspected Ebola virus - a sister virus to Marburg, the researchers remarked. Since the apes were placed one by one in cages, it was believed that the virus that killed them was transmissible by air.

Interestingly, the monkeys from the philippines were quarantined for a month in the USA before they were transported to the research laboratory in Reston, which implies that the sickness of the monkeys appeared two months after their arrival in the USA. Incubation time for Ebola is said to be between 2 to 21 days and the average incubation time is about 7 days. Therefore, it was ruled out that the monkeys had been infected before they came to USA. Besides, there was no reported epidemic of Ebola either among monkeys or humans in the philippines at the material time. The only question that remains to be asked is: what was in the laboratory in Reston that caused the monkeys to develop Ebola disease and their subsequent deaths?

On 11 November 1994, Robert Oesterling reported in a major Swedish Evening Newspaper, AFTONBLADET, that in 1990 a 20 year old Swedish medical student who had travelled round in Kenya was infected with serious hemorrhagic fever. Credit for the recovery of the medical student was given to a Professor of virology attached to the military research institute, Bo Nicklasson. The paper claimed that Germany, Great Britain, USA, Australia and Canada have had cases of the dreaded and the mysterious virus that originates from Africa. As a result of this disease, a special emergency force headed by Professor Nicklasson had been set up and trained by the American Army. It was not until early April 1995 that all other newspapers in Sweden hyped on the 1990 Ebola case in Sweden, when the film, OUTBREAK, was about to have its first-run show in Sweden. All the newspapers, and some with a huge colourful picture of African green monkeys, agreed that the Swedish medical student had come into contact with African apes some days before he fell sick. Yet, in 1989/1990 there was no reported case of hemorrhagic fever (Ebola/Marburg) among humans or animals in Kenya.

A month after the first-run show of the film, OUTBREAK, report of a new outbreak of Ebola, in Kikwit , Zaire (now Congo) dominated the Western print and electronic media. The evening newspaper, EXPRESSEN, of 11 May 1995 carried a headline: EBOLA VIRUS KILLS NINE OUT OF TEN - THE SWEDES IN DANGER ZONE. Thereafter, one Gabor Hont discussed with the Chief for foreign mission at the Baptist Communion, Per-Ake Wahlstroem who emphasized that, "it is still uncertain if this is really a question of an outbreak of Ebola in the Swedish neighbourhood" that is to say, Kikwit, which was about 300 kilometres from the Swedes. In the same page, Sweden's Chargé D'affaires in Kinshasa, Ove Svenson, was quoted to have said, "One suspects that this epidemic is caused by a virus. But at the same time there has been outbreak of typhus in the area. The symptoms are very much alike."

By 18th of May 1995 Sweden sent a team of experts to Zaire (Congo) to access which medical resources were needed to be sent from Sweden. When the Swedish Experts arrived in Congo, Expressen reported on the 20th of May 1995 as follows, "The Doctors suggest that a Swedish support group of eight persons should travel to Congo. At least four must possess knowledge of electricity, water and sewage. Scarcity of electricity and water are very acute." The proposed measures from the Swedish medical experts was in tandem with the observation of the Swedish Chargé d'affaires, Ove Svenson, when in the Expressen of 11 May 1995, he talked about ravaging typhus in Bandundu Province. The sanitary situation in Kikwit, Bandundu Province, in 1995 is not different from the hemorrhagic fever infected countries of West Africa today as men, women and children are packed up in shelters that are forbidden in law for cattles in Europe.

In spite of the Swedish Medical Experts observation that what happened in Kikwit was an outbreak of TYPHUS the controller of WHO continued to propagate for EBOLA until June 7, 1995, when it finally declared that the epidemic in Zaire (Congo) was over. WHO claimed that a total of 211 persons were infected, out of which 164 died and which implied 75% fatality rate. Contrary to earlier reference to the African green monkeys as the source of Ebola, the Western Media on the 4th of July 1995 were awash with the information that the American military research scientists were in Kikwit to find out where the Virus originally came from. The researchers suspected rodents or bats as the host of the virus but evidence for that was yet to come.

The present wave of hemorrhagic fever in West Africa has been blamed on Fruit Bats that had probably tasted a fruit and thereby infected the fruit that was later eaten up by someone in Guinea where the first casualty occurred in December 2013. Another story says that bats are delicatess in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone and since bats are host to Ebola virus it is very likely that humans were infected during the preparation of bats for food.

I have not been able to lay my hands on any scientific paper that proves that bats are carriers of Ebola virus. Scientists have stated that Ebola is a variant of Marburg and we know that there were no bats in Marburg in 1967 when the first hemorrhagic fever in Germany occurred. The pharmaceutical Company, Behring Werke AG in Marburg had been handling African green monkeys for its vaccine productions for more than four decades before the August 1967 hemorrhagic fever. After that incident, the company continued till date to import African green monkeys for the commercial production of vaccines without any re-occurrence of hemorrhagic fever. Therefore, it can safely be stated that the African green monkeys had nothing to do with the Marburg Virus unless some of the batch received by the laboratory had artificially been infected. In the same line of thought, the declaration of bats as delicatess in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone is not recent but many decades ago. Why then should bats suddenly turn to life-quenching delicatess for the people just now?

In 1967, Muhammad Ali was charged to the court for refusing to be drafted into the US Army for the purpose of fighting in Vietnam. One of the jurors asked him, "Do you hate White People?" Ali answered, "Your honour, as we are inside this court-room, if a lion should suddenly come in, we are all going to rush out. We run from the lion not because we hate lions but because by experience we know what lions use to do." The experience of Black Africa since 1450 till date is not conspiracy theory. I rest my pen. S.Kadiri

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