At first glance, it appears that chronic kidney disease itself alters the intestinal flora. After careful consideration however, this isn't the most likely cause of what was observed by these researchers. Someone with chronic kidney disease would have had multiple and at times non-stop rounds of antibiotics during the course of their disease and treatment over the years. Even one course of antibiotics will greatly alter the composition of the intestinal flora. A 5- or 7-day course of antibiotics will destroy all of the bacterial flora in the intestinal tract and most everywhere else in the body. The bacterial flora in most cases will take a year to come back and some species will never return without holistic intervention. This type of change is what the reseachers were observing - Keep Reading - http://candidaplan.com/blog/623/chronic-kidney-disease-alters-intestinal-flora/