Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side, and may also be rotated. To adults it can be very painful. It is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. On an x-ray, the spine of an individual with a typical scoliosis may look more like an "S" or a "C" than a straight line. It is typically classified as congenital (caused by vertebral anomalies present at birth), idiopathic (sub-classified as infantile, juvenile, adolescent, or adult according to when onset occurred) or as having developed as a secondary symptom of another condition, such as cerebral palsy, spinal muscular atrophy or due to physical trauma.

The condition's name is based on the Greek σκολοις, meaning crooked. [1].

Terminology
The condition can be categorized based on convexity, or curvature of the spinal column, with relation to the central axis:

Dextroscoliosis is a scoliosis with the convexity on the right side.[2][3][4]
Levoscoliosis is a scoliosis with the convexity on the left side.[2][3][4]
Rotoscoliosis (may be used in conjunction with dextroscoliosis and levoscoliosis, e.g. levorotoscoliosis) refers to scoliosis on which the rotation of the vertebrae is particularly pronounced, or is used simply to draw attention to the fact that scoliosis is a complex 3 dimensional problem.[5].


Cause
In the case of the most common form of scoliosis, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, there is no clear causal agent [6]. Various causes have been implicated, but none has consensus among scientists as the cause of scoliosis. Scoliosis is more often diagnosed in females and is often seen in patients with cerebral palsy or spina bifida,[citation needed] although this form of scoliosis is different from that seen in children without these conditions. In some cases, scoliosis exists at birth due to a congenital vertebral anomaly. Occasionally, development of scoliosis during adolescence is due to an underlying anomaly such as a tethered spinal cord, but most often the cause is unknown or idiopathic.[citation needed] Some therapists like the referenced Hanna Somatic therapist believe that trauma to an adult can cause, not just asymmetry but an actual curve to the spine visible on x-ray, although no documentation is offered in her article. Scoliosis often presents itself, or worsens, during the adolescence growth spurt.[7]

In April 2007, researchers at Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children identified the first gene associated with idiopathic scoliosis, CHD7. The medical breakthrough was the result of a 10-year study and is outlined in the May 2007 issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics.[8]


Prevalence
Scoliotic curves greater than 10° affect 2-3% of the population of the United States.[9] The prevalence of curves less than 20° is about equal in males and females. Curves greater than 20° affect about one in 2500 people. Curves convex to the right are more common than those to the left, and single or "C" curves are slightly more common than double or "S" curve patterns. Males are more likely to have infantile or juvenile scoliosis, but there is a high female predominance of adolescent scoliosis.


Symptoms
Pain is often common in adulthood, especially if the scoliosis is left untreated.[citation needed] Scoliosis surgery is often performed for cosmetic reasons rather than pain alone as the surgery cannot guarantee pain loss but it can stabilize a curvature and prevent worsening therefore improving one's quality of life. Pain can occur because the muscles try to conform to the way the spine is curving often resulting in muscle spasms. The symptoms of scoliosis can include:

Uneven musculature on one side of the spine
A rib "hump" and/or a prominent shoulder blade, caused by rotation of the ribcage in thoracic scoliosis
Uneven hip, rib cage, and shoulder levels
Asymmetric size or location of breast in females
Unequal distance between arms and body
Slow nerve action (in some cases)
Different heights of the shoulders


Associated conditions
Scoliosis is sometimes associated with other conditions such as Ehler-Danlos Syndrome (hyperflexibility, 'floppy baby' syndrome, and other variants of the condition), kyphosis, cerebral palsy, spinal muscular atrophy, familial dysautonomia, CHARGE syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, proteus syndrome, Spina bifida, Marfan's syndrome, neurofibromatosis, connective tissue disorders, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and craniospinal axis disorders (e.g., syringomyelia, mitral valve prolapse, Arnold-Chiari malformation).



Investigation

Cobb angle measurement of a levoscoliosis.Patients who initially present with scoliosis are examined to determine if there is an underlying cause of the deformity. During a physical examination, the following is assessed:

Skin for café au lait spots indicative of neurofibromatosis
The feet for cavovarus deformity
Abdominal reflexes
Muscle tone for spasticity
During the exam, the patient is asked to bend forward (Adam's Bend Test). If a hump is noted, then scoliosis is a possibility and the patient should be sent for an x-ray to confirm the diagnosis. The patient's gait is assessed, and there is an exam for signs of other abnormalities (e.g., Spina bifida as evidenced by a dimple, hairy patch, lipoma, or hemangioma). A thorough neurological examination is also performed.

It is usual when scoliosis is suspected to arrange for weight-bearing full-spine AP/coronal (front-back view) and lateral/sagittal (side view) xrays to be taken, to assess both the scoliosis curves and also the kyphosis and lordosis, as these can also be affected in individuals with scoliosis. Full-length standing spine X rays are the standard method for evaluating the severity and progression of the scoliosis, and whether it is congenital or idiopathic in nature. In growing individuals, serial radiographs are obtained at 3-12 month intervals to follow curve progression. In some instances, MRI investigation is warranted.

The standard method for assessing the curvature quantitatively is measurement of the Cobb angle, which is the angle between two lines, drawn perpendicular to the upper endplate of the uppermost vertebrae involved and the lower endplate of the lowest vertebrae involved. For patients who have two curves, Cobb angles are followed for both curves. In some patients, lateral bending xrays are obtained to assess the flexibility of the curves or the primary and compensatory curves.

Mass-screening for scoliosis using posture photos
It has been suggested that entire populations be examined, for early detection. For example, in the 1940s, American psychologist William Sheldon proposed mandatory physical examinations that included nude photographs of each person being examined. One purpose of these photographs was the detection of rickets, scoliosis, and lordosis. His approach was implemented at a number of ivy league schools in which all freshmen were examined (Ivy League nude posture photos). A similar program was implemented in Boston's prison system. [10]


Prognosis
The prognosis of scoliosis depends on the likelihood of progression. The general rules of progression are that larger curves carry a higher risk of progression than smaller curves, and that thoracic and double primary curves carry a higher risk of progression than single lumbar or thoracolumbar curves. In addition, patients who have not yet reached skeletal maturity have a higher likelihood of progression.


Management
The traditional medical management of scoliosis is complex and is determined by the severity of the curvature, skeletal maturity, which together help predict the likelihood of progression.

The conventional options are, in order:

Observation
Bracing
Surgery
Bracing is only done when the patient has bone growth remaining, and is generally implemented in order to hold the curve and prevent it from progressing to the point where surgery is necessary. Bracing involves fitting the patient with a device that covers the torso and in some cases it extends to the neck. The most commonly used brace is a TLSO, a corset-like appliance that fits from armpits to hips and is custom-made from fiberglass or plastic. It is usually worn 22-23 hours a day and applies pressure on the curves in the spine. The effectiveness of the brace depends a lot on how much the person wears it. Typically braces are only used for idiopathic curves that are not grave enough to warrant surgery, but they may also be used to prevent the progression of more severe curves in young children, in order to buy the child time to grow before performing surgery which would prevent further growth in the part of the spine affected. Bracing may cause emotional and physical discomfort. Physical activity may be more difficult because the brace presses against the stomach making it very difficult to breathe. Children may lose weight from the brace, due to inceased pressure on the abdominal area.

In infantile, and sometimes juvenile scoliosis, a plaster jacket applied early may be used instead of a brace. It has been proven possible [11] to permanently correct cases of infantile idiopathic scoliosis by applying a series of plaster casts (EDF-elongation, derotation, flexion) applied on a specialized frame under corrective traction, which helps to "mould" the infant's soft bones and work with their infantile growth spurts. This method was pioneered by UK scoliosis specialist Min Mehta.

Chiropractic and physical therapy have some degree of anecdotal success in treating scoliosis that is primarily neuromuscular in nature, however non-surgical approaches will not address severe bone deformities associated with many cases of scoliosis. Chiropractors and Physical Therapists utilize joint mobilization techniques and therapeutic exercise to increase a scoliosis patient's flexibility and strength, theorizing that this better enables the brace to influence the curvature of the spine. Electronic Muscle Stimulation (EMS) is another therapeutic modality commonly utilized by chiropractors and physical therapists to reduce muscle spasms and strengthen atrophied muscles.

There is limited published scientific research to evaluate the efficiency of treatment programs that include a combination of bracing along with physical therapy. While much debate remains in the scientific community about whether or not chiropractic and physical therapy can influence scoliotic curvature, there may well be palliative benefit from them in scoliosis patients who experience back pain either directly as a result of their deformity or indirectly from wearing an uncomfortable brace for the vast majority of the day.

The so-called Schroth Method is non-invasive, physiotherapeutic treatment for scoliosis used successfully in Europe since the 1920s[12] Originally developed in Germany by scoliosis sufferer Katharina Schroth, this method is now taught to scoliosis patients in clinics specifically devoted to Schroth therapy in Germany, Spain, England, and, most recently, the United States. Physical therapists who do not specialize exclusively in Schroth therapy but who have received Schroth certification through the clinics in Spain and Germany offer Schroth therapy throughout Europe, parts of the Middle East, and the United States.


Surgery
Surgery is usually indicated for curves that have a high likelihood of progression, curves that cause a significant amount of pain with some regularity, curves that would be cosmetically unacceptable as an adult, curves in patients with spina bifida and cerebral palsy that interfere with sitting and care, and curves that affect physiological functions such as breathing.

Surgery for scoliosis is usually done by a surgeon who specializes in spine surgery. For various reasons it is usually impossible to completely straighten a scoliotic spine, but in most cases very good corrections are achieved.



Spinal fusion with instrumentation

Coronal X-ray of the above spine after having undergone successful fusion and instrumentation.Spinal fusion is the most widely performed surgery for scoliosis. In this procedure, bone (either harvested from elsewhere in the body [autograft], or donor bone [allograft]) is grafted to the vertebrae so that when it heals, they will form one solid bone mass and the vertebral column becomes rigid. This prevents worsening of the curve at the expense of spinal movement. This can be performed from the anterior (front) aspect of the spine by entering the thoracic or abdominal cavity, or performed from the back (posterior). A combination of both is used in more severe cases.

Originally, spinal fusions were done without metal implants. A cast was applied after the surgery, usually under traction to pull the curve as straight as possible and then hold it there while fusion took place. Unfortunately, there was a relatively high risk of pseudarthrosis (fusion failure) at one or more levels and significant correction could not always be achieved. In 1962, Paul Harrington introduced a metal spinal system of instrumentation which assisted with straightening the spine, as well as holding it rigid while fusion took place. The original, now obsolete Harrington rod operated on a ratchet system, attached by hooks to the spine at the top and bottom of the curvature that when cranked would distract, or straighten, the curve. A major shortcoming of the Harrington method was that it failed to produce a posture where the skull would be in proper alignment with the pelvis and it didn't address rotational deformity. As a result, unfused parts of the spine would try to compensate for this in the effort to stand up straight. As the person aged, there would be increased wear and tear, early onset arthritis, disc degeneration, muscular stiffness and pain with eventual reliance on painkillers, further surgery, inability to work full-time and disability. "Flatback" became the medical name for a related complication, especially for those who had lumbar scoliosis.[vague] Modern spinal systems are attempting to address sagittal imbalance and rotational defects unresolved by the Harrington rod system. They involve a combination of rods, screws, hooks and wires fixing the spine and can apply stronger, safer forces to the spine than the Harrington rod. This technique is known as the Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation, currently the most common technique for the procedure.

Modern spinal fusions generally have good outcomes with high degrees of correction and low rates of failure and infection. Patients with fused spines and permanent implants tend to have normal lives with unrestricted activities when they are younger, it remains to be seen[vague] whether those that have been treated with the newer surgical techniques will develop problems as they age. They are able to participate in recreational athletics, have natural childbirth and are generally satisfied with their treatment. The most notable limitation of spinal fusions is that patients who have undergone surgery for scoliosis are ineligible for service in the military of countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States.

In cases where scoliosis has caused a significant deformity resulting in a rib hump, it is often possible to perform a surgery called a costoplasty (also called a thorocoplasty) in order to achieve a more pleasing cosmetic result.[vague] This procedure may be performed at any time after a fusion surgery, whether as part of the same operation or several years afterwards. It is usually impossible to completely straighten and untwist a scoliotic spine, and it should be noted that the level of cosmetic success will depend on the extent to which the fused spine still rotates out into the ribcage. A rib hump is evidence that there is still some rotational deformity to the spine. Specific weight training techniques can be used to influence this rotational deformity in the unfused parts of the spine.[vague] This leads to a marked decrease in pain and to some improvement in organ function depending on the person's particular case and is to be recommended over any cosmetic surgical procedure[citation needed].



Alternatives
Recently, A new Revolutionary non-surgical soft flexible spinecor bracing has also come to the marktet. The leading providers of spinecor [1] state that Spinecor scoliosis brace is the first and only truly dynamic brace, which provides a progressive correction of Idiopathic Scoliosis from 15 degree Cobb angles and above. Also new implants have been developed that aim to delay spinal fusion and to allow more spinal growth in young children. These include rods that are extensible and allow growth while still applying corrective forces and vertebral stapling which is a method of retarding normal growth on the convex side of a curve, allowing the concave side to "catch up." For the youngest patients, whose thoracic insufficiency compromises their ability to breathe and applies significant cardiac pressure, ribcage implants that push the ribs apart on the concave side of the curve may be especially useful. These Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Ribs (VEPTR) provide the benefit of expanding the thoracic cavity and straightening the spine in all three dimensions while allowing the spine to grow. Although these methods are novel and promising, these treatments are only suitable for growing patients. Spinal fusion remains the "gold standard" of surgical treatment for scoliosis. There are now non-surgical ways to help treat scoliosis, as mentioned above in the management section.



References
^ Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. Accessed 27 December 2008. Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/scoliosis

^ a b Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging. Univ. of Washington School of Medicine. URL: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/scoliosis.html.
Accessed on: January 8, 2006.
^ a b Morningstar M, Joy T (2006). "Scoliosis treatment using spinal manipulation and the Pettibon Weighting Systemtrade mark: a summary of 3 atypical presentations". Chiropr Osteopat 14: 1. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-14-1. PMID 16409627. Free Full Text.
^ a b Chief Pediatric Resident. Scoliosis. Univ. of Chicago. URL: http://pediatrics.uchicago.edu/chiefs/documents/Scoliosis-Gina.pdf.
Accessed on: January 8, 2006.
^ eMedicine - Idiopathic Scoliosis : Article by Charles T Mehlman
^ Kouwenhoven, J & Castelein, R, 2008, 'The Pathogenesis of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis', Spine, vol. 33, no. 26, pp. 2898-2908. 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181891751
^ http://www.ucihealth.com/news/uci%20health/win01scoliosis.htm
Scoliosis
^ Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Research: Scoliosis Research
^ National Scoliosis Foundation
^ All about Criminal Motivation, by Mark Gado - Crime Library on truTV.com
^ Mehta MH (2005). "Growth as a corrective force in the early treatment of progressive infantile scoliosis". J Bone Joint Surg Br 87 (9): 1237–47. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B9.16124. PMID 16129750.
^ Lehnert-Schroth, Christa (2007). Three-Dimensional Treatment for Scoliosis: A Physiotherapeutic Method for Deformities of the Spine. (Palo Alto, CA: The Martindale Press): pp. 1-6.
Gylys, Barbara A. and Mary Ellen Wedding (2005), Medical Terminology Systems, F.A. Davis Company
Canale: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 10th ed., Copyright © 2003 Mosby, Inc.

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