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Theme | Old Testament Reference | New Testament fulfilled in Jesus |
Ascension of Jesus to the right hand of God | Ps. 110:1 | Matt 26:64; Acts 7:55-60; Eph. 1:20 |
Atonement by blood | Lev. 17:11 | Heb. 9:22 |
Baptism | Exodus 40:12-15; Lev. 16:4; Gen. 17:10; Ezek. 36:25 | Matt. 3:16; 28:19; Col. 2:11-12; Heb. 10:22 |
Begotten Son, Jesus is | Psalm 2:7 | Acts 13:33; Heb. 1:5 |
Creative work | Gen. 1; 1:26 | John 1:1-3; Col. 1:16-17 |
Crucifixion | Psalm 22:11-18; Zech. 12:10 | Luke 23:33-38 |
Damnation and Salvation | Dan. 12:2 | Matt. 25:46 |
Eternal Son | Micah 5:1-2; Psalm 2:7 | Heb. 1:5; 5:5 |
First and Last | Isaiah 41:4; 44:6; 48:12> | Rev. 1:8, 17; 22:13 |
God among His people | Isaiah 9:6; 40:3 | John 1:1, 14; 20:28; Col. 2:9; Matt. 3:3 |
Incarnation of God | 1)Ex 3:14; 2)Ps. 45:6; Isaiah 9:6; Zech. 12:10 | 1)John 8:58; 1:1, 14 2)Heb. 1:8; Col. 2:9; Heb. 1:1-3 |
Monotheism | Isaiah 43:10; 44:6, 8; 45:5 | John 10:30; Eph. 4:5 |
Only Begotten Son | Gen. 22:2. | John 3:16; Heb. 11:7 |
Priesthood of Jesus | Psalm 110:4 | Heb. 6:20; 7:25 |
Resurrection of Christ | Psalm 16:9-10; 49:15; Is. 26:19 | John 2:19-21 |
Return of Christ | Zech. 14:1-5; Mic. 1:3-4 | Matt. 16:27-28; Acts 1:11; 3:20 |
Sacrifice of the Son | Gen. 22 | Heb. 9:27 |
Salvation by grace | 1)Gen. 12:3; 2)15:6; Hab. 2:4 | 1)Gal. 3:8-11; 2) Rom. 4:9 |
Sin offering | Ex. 30:10; Lev. 4:3 | Rom. 8:3; Heb. 10:18; 13:11 |
Sin offering made outside the camp | Ex. 29:14 | Heb. 13:12-13 |
Sin offering without defect | Ex. 12:5; Lev. 22:20; Deut. 17:1 | Heb. 9:14 |
Son of God | Psalm 2:7 | John 5:18 |
Substitutionary Atonement | Isaiah 53:6-12; Lev. 6:4-10, 21 | Matt. 20:28; 1 Pet. 2:24; 2 Cor. 5:21; 1 Pet. 3:18; |
Trinity | 1)Gen. 1:1, 26; Job 33:4; 2) Gen. 17:1; 18:1; Ex. 6:2-3; 24:9-11; 33:20; Num. 12:6-8; Psalm 104:30; 23)Gen. 19:24 with Amos 4:10-11; Is.48:16 | 1)John 1:1-3; 2)John 1:18; 6:46; 3)Matt. 28:19; 2 Cor. 13:14 |
Virgin Birth | Isaiah 7:14 | Matt. 1:25 |
Worship of Jesus | Psalm 97:7 | Matt. 2:2, 11; 14:33; 28:9; John 9:35-38; Heb. 1:6 |
(For a more complete list please go to href="ot_nt_themes.htm">Are the New Testament themes found in the Old
Testament?)
As you can see, there is
no need for any of the Christian writers to borrow from anything other
than the Old Testament source in order to establish any Christian doctrine
concerning Jesus. If the argument that pagan mythologies predated
Christian teachings and therefore Christianity borrowed from them is true,
then it must also be truth that the pagan religions borrowed from the
Jewish religion because it is older than they are! Given that all of
the Christian themes are found in the Old Testament and the Old Testament
was begun around 2000 B.C. and completed around 400 B.C., we can then
conclude that these pagan religions actually borrowed from Jewish ideas
found in the Old Testament. Think about it, the idea of a blood
sacrifice and a covering for sin is found in the first three chapters of
Genesis when God covered Adam and Eve with animals skins and prophesied
the coming of the Messiah.
Furthermore, those who wrote about Jesus in the
New Testament were Jews (or under the instruction of Jews) who were
devoted to the legitimacy and inspiration of the Old Testament scriptures
and possessed a strong disdain for pagan religions. It would have
been blasphemous for them to incorporate pagan sources into what they saw
as the fulfillment of the sacred Old Testament scriptures concerning the
Messiah. Also, since they were writing about Jesus, they were
writing based upon what He taught: truth, love, honesty, integrity,
etc. Why then would they lie and make up stories and suffer great
persecution, hardships, ridicule, arrest, beatings, and death all for
known lies and fabrications from paganism? It doesn't make sense.
At best, Mithraism only had some common themes
with Christianity (and Judaism) which were recorded in both the Old and
New Testaments. What is far more probable is that as Mithraism
developed, it started to adopt Christian concepts.
"Allegations of an early Christian
dependence on Mithraism have been rejected on many grounds.
Mithraism had no concept of the death and resurrection of its god and no
place for any concept of rebirth -- at least during its early
stages...During the early stages of the cult, the notion of rebirth
would have been foreign to its basic outlook...Moreover, Mithraism was
basically a military cult. Therefore, one must be skeptical about
suggestions that it appealed to nonmilitary people like the early
Christians."1
What is more probable is
that with the explosive nature of the Christian church in the 1st and 2nd
century, other cult groups started to adapt themselves to take advantage
of some of the teachings found in Christianity.
"While there are several sources that
suggest that Mithraism included a notion of rebirth, they are all
post-Christian. The earliest...dates from the end of the second
century A.D."2
Therefore, even though there
are similarities between Christianity and Mithraism, it is up to the
critics to prove that one borrowed from the other. But, considering
that the writers of the New Testament was written by Jews who shunned
pagan philosophies and that the Old Testament has all of the themes found
in Christianity, it is far more probable that if any borrowing was done,
it was done by the pagan religions that wanted to emulate the success of
Christianity.
____________
1. R. Nash, Christianity and the Hellenistic
World" as quoted in Baker's Encyclopedia of Christian
Apologetics, Norman Geisler; Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Mich.; 1999,
p. 492.
2. Wilson, Bill, compiled by; The Best of Josh
McDowell: A Ready Defense; Nashville, Tenn.,
Thomas Nelson Publishers; 1993, p. 167.