Turyia, below is a link proving powder/flakes danger.


Sodium Chlorite, Anhydrous, Flakes


http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/s3360.htm

flakes yeh sure maybe we should all make fireworks instead of 28 % sodium chlorite it will definite go off with a bang.
would someone please find out the major risks of flakes & why they are a worry

der really flakes hey wow how did he make flakes then common let us know or is we sell flakes another sales pitch please lets know

# 7827 here is some data I am getting some more precise for you.
Bruce.

http://potablewater.iespana.es/ClO2.pdf



http://www.gasdetection.com/TECH/clo2.html#occ1


CHLORINE DIOXIDE TOXICITY Health Effects of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite Chlorine dioxide and its byproducts, chlorite and chlorate ion can result in adverse health effects when consumed at large enough quantities. The EPA regulates chlorine dioxide and chlorite ion in drinking water for systems using chlorine dioxide for disinfection. The EPA established a MRDL of 0.8 mg/L for chlorine dioxide and a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 1.0 mg/L for chlorite (reference 25). The most common adverse health effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorite ion are oxidizing effects seen in the blood, either as methemoglobinemia or hemolytic anemia (reference 3). Children, infants, and fetuses, a more susceptible subpopulation may experience adverse neurotoxic effects (reference 26). When a regulated water system using chlorine dioxide is out of compliance with the chlorine dioxide MRDL or chlorite MCL, the EPA considers this to have a significant potential to have serious adverse health effects as a result of short-term exposure (reference 27). However, the short-term adverse health effects are limited to children, infants, and fetuses. It is these groups that may be susceptible to adverse nervous system effects from short-term exposure (reference 27). Health effect data for healthy adults appear to indicate that short-term exposure does not result in adverse health effects. Several clinical studies assessing the acute and subchronic effects of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorate have been conducted (reference 3). Healthy adults consuming 2.5 mg daily of either chlorine dioxide, chlorite, or chlorate for 12 weeks showed no clinically significant adverse health effects (reference 3). Another study had healthy adults consuming 0.1 to 24 mg/L concentrations of either chlorine dioxide, chlorite, or chlorate daily for 3 weeks, again resulting in no clinically significant adverse health effects. Based on this information, it is not likely that healthy adults consuming water containing chlorine dioxide concentrations recommended by IWPD manufacturers (0.7 – 7.5 mg/L) for a short duration (e.g., < 3 weeks) would experience any adverse health effects from ingestion of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, or chlorate. However, adverse health effects could occur if higher chlorine dioxide dosages are used for treating highly turbid and/or colder water to kill Cryptosporidium. To avoid potential adverse health effects, longer contact times should be used in place of higher chlorine dioxide dosages, provided sufficient chlorine dioxide remains after oxidizing organic matter. Health Concerns of Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide The use of “stabilized chlorine dioxide” products for IWPD use may expose the user to significant chlorite concentrations. The “activation” of stabilized chlorine dioxide (i.e., sodiumchlorite) with an acid can result in high levels of chlorite remaining after activation and relativelylow chlorine dioxide concentrations compared to typical chlorine dioxide generating systems (reference 3). Use of these products may result in the direct application of several hundred mg/L of chlorite to the water, much higher than typical drinking water chlorite levels (reference 3).
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TIP #31-007-0306 10 CONCLUSIONS Chlorine dioxide as an IWPD can be effective against bacteria, viruses, Giardia cysts, and to a limited extent, Cryptosporidium oocysts. Very high CT values are estimated for a 3-log Cryptosporidium inactivation in colder waters, requiring very high chlorine dioxide dosages and/or very long contact times. Colder temperatures, lower pHs, and higher turbidity all tend to have an adverse effect on disinfection capability. Health concerns of ingesting chlorine dioxide and chlorite ion are likely minimal for healthy adults over a short-term duration (e.g., < 3 weeks) for IWPD manufacturer-recommended chlorine dioxide dosages of 0.7 – 7.5 mg/L. However, adverse health effects could occur if higher chlorine dioxide dosages are used for treating highly turbid and/or colder water to kill Cryptosporidium. To avoid potential adverse health effects, longer contact times should be used in place of higher chlorine dioxide dosages, provided sufficient chlorine dioxide remains after oxidizing organic matter. IWPDs using “stabilized chlorine dioxide” may result in exposure to high levels of chlorite. Table 4 provides a summary of chlorine dioxide’s disinfection capabilities. Table 4. Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection Capabilities Parameter Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection General Disinfection Capability Cysts most resistant. Achieving cyst inactivation will ensure adequate bacteria and virus inactivation. Disinfection capability generally follows: Bacteria > viruses > Giardia > CryptosporidiumBacteria Effective at reasonable CT values for IWPD use Viruses Effective at reasonable CT values for IWPD use. Use EPA SWTR CT table for recommended CT values (Table 1). Giardia Cysts Effective at reasonable CT values for IWPD use. Use EPA SWTR CT table for recommended CT values (Table 2). Cryptosporidium Oocysts Effective at high CT values. Use Table 3 as guide for CT values. If possible, use longer contact times instead of higher dosages to achieve adequate CT values. Effect of Temperature Colder water temperatures require higher CT values. Use a two-fold increase in CT for every 10° C decrease. Use longer contact time instead of higher dosages to achieve higher CT values.
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TIP #31-007-0306 11 Effect of pH Effective over typical pH levels for raw, untreated natural waters. Disinfection capability generally increases with increasing pH. Effect of Turbidity Higher turbidity generally reduces disinfection capability. Use longer contact time instead of higher dosages in more turbid waters to achieve CT values. Higher dosages may be necessary to ensure chlorine dioxide remains after oxidation of organic matter. Health Effects Chlorine dioxide and chlorite are potential health concerns. IWPD manufacturer-recommended dosages are not likely to cause adverse health effects for healthy adults. Exposure to much higher chlorite concentrations may occur when using stabilized chlorine dioxide products. PREPARED BY: Steven H. Clarke, Environmental Engineer DATED: March 2006
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TIP #31-007-0306 12 APPENDIX A REFERENCES 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Registration Division Office of Pesticide Program, Criteria and Standards Division Office of Drinking Water, 1987. Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers. Washington, D.C. 2. Aieta, E.M., & Berg, J.D., 1986. A Review of Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water Treatment. Journal of the American Water Works Association (AWWA), 78(6), 62-72. 3. Gates, D., 1998. The Chlorine Dioxide Handbook Water Disinfection Series. AWWA, Denver, CO. 4. EPA Office of Research and Development, 2001. Controlling Disinfection By-Products and Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water. (EPA/600/R-01/110). Washington, D.C. 5. EPA Office of Water, 1999. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual. (EPA 815-R-99-014). Washington, D.C. 6. Myhrstad, J.A. & Samdal, J.E., 1969. Behavior and Determination of Chlorine Dioxide. Journal of the AWWA, 61(4), 205-208. 7. Disinfection Technology, Inc. Directions for Use. XINIX AquaCare Water Disinfectant. La Jolla, CA. 8. Katadyn Products, Inc. Directions for Use. Micropur MP 1 Emergency Drinking Water Tablets. Minneapolis, MN. 9. Olsen, N., et. al. The Use of Chlorine Dioxide in Potato Storage. (Bulletin 825). University of Idaho, College of Agriculture. 10. Technical Advisory Committee on Safe Drinking Water, 2004. Environmental Public Health Field Manual for Private, Public and Communal Drinking Water Systems in Alberta, 2nded. Canada Institute of Public Health Inspectors (Alberta Branch). 11. Noss, C.I., & Olivieri, V.P., 1985. Disinfecting Capabilities of Oxychlorine Compounds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50(5), 1162-1164. 12. Richter, J.L & Kross, R., 2005. P46 Stable Storage of Chlorine Dioxide Mouthrinse Solutions. Oral Diseases, Supplement 1, 11, 120-121.
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TIP #31-007-0306 13 13. National Academy of Sciences, 1980. Drinking Water and Health Vol. 2. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. 14. EPA Office of Drinking Water, 1984. Drinking Water Microbiology NATO/CCMS Drinking Water Pilot Project Series CCMS 128. (EPA 570/9-84-006). Washington, D.C. 15. Alvarez, M.E., & O’Brien, R.T., 1982. Mechanisms of Inactivation of Poliovirus by Chlorine Dioxide and Iodine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 44(5), 1064-1071. 16. Sobsey, M.D., 1989. Inactivation of Cell-Associated and Dispersed Hepatitis A Virus by Free and Combined Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide. Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings, AWWA. 17. Clark, R.M., Sivaganesan, M., Rice, E.W., & Chen, J., 2003. Development of a CT Equation for the Inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts with Chlorine Dioxide. Water Research, 37, 2773-2783. 18. Auerbach, P.S., 1995. Wilderness Medicine Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies, 3rded. Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, MO. 19. EPA Office of Drinking Water, Criteria and Standards Division, Science and Technology Branch, 1991. Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources. Washington, D.C. 20. Scarpino, P.V., Cronier, S., Zink, M.L., & Brigano, F.A.O., 1977. Effect of Particulates on Disinfection of Enteroviruses and Coliform Bacteria in Water by Chlorine Dioxide. Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings, AWWA. 21. Benarde, M.A., Israel, B.M., Olivieri, V.P., & Granstrom, M.L., 1965. Efficiency of Chlorine Dioxide as a Bactericide. Applied Microbiology, 13(5), 776-780. 22. Benarde, M.A., Snow, W.B., Olivieri, V.P., & Davidson, B., 1967. Kinetics and Mechanism of Bacterial Disinfection by Chlorine Dioxide. Applied Microbiology, 15(2), 257-265. 23. National Academy of Sciences, 1987. Drinking Water and Health Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products Vol. 7. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. 24. Federal Register, 2003. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule; Proposed Rule. 68(154), 47640-47795. 25. Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 141, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 2004.
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TIP #31-007-0306 14 26. Federal Register, 1997. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products; Notice of Data Availability; Proposed Rule. 62(212), 59387-59484. 27. EPA Office of Water, 2000. Public Notification Handbook. (EPA 816-R-00-010), Washington, D.C. 28. Crittenden, J.C. et. al., 2005. Water Treatment: Principles and Design Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.