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POTASSIUM IODIDE
CASRN: 7681-11-0 |
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For more information, search the NLM HSDB database.
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Iodism (chronic iodine poisoning) may follow prolonged use; symptoms include metallic taste, sore mouth, swollen eyelids sneezing, skin eruptions, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and diarrhea. ... angioedema, laryngeal edema, and cutaneous hemorrhages may occur.
[Cowl, C.T. Physician's Handbook 10th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 2003, p. 1001] **PEER REVIEWED**
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Serum-sickness type of hypersensitivity, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia, may appear. Thromobotic thrombocytopenic purpura and fatal periarteritis nodosa attributed to hypersensitivity to iodide ... described. /Iodide preparations/
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1414] **PEER REVIEWED**
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In a small proportion of individuals given large doses of iodide for long periods ... thyroid gland shows hyperplasia & is depleted of stores of iodine. Thyroid hormone corrects hypothyroidism and causes goiter to subside ... /Iodide preparation/
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1414] **PEER REVIEWED**
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Hypersensitivity reactions to iodides may occur and may be manifested by angioedema, cutaneous and mucosal hemorrhage, and signs and symptoms resembling serum sickness, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia. Urticaria, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and fatal periarteritis have also been attributed to iodide hypersensitivity. Hypocomplementemic vasculitis in some patients with chronic urticaria or systemic lupus erythematosus has been associated with iodide sensitivity, and some clinicians caution that potassium iodide may precipitate severe systemic illness in such patients. Jodbasedow or iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis may occur with low doses of iodides (i.e., less than 25 mg of iodine daily); this effect is uncommon in the US but more frequent in areas with endemic iodine deficiency.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Sudden withdrawal may precipitate thyroid storm.
[Cowl, C.T. Physician's Handbook 10th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 2003, p. 1001] **PEER REVIEWED**
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Irritation of mucous glands of respiratory tract causes a productive cough. Excess transudation into bronchial tree may lead to pulmonary edema. ... There also may be inflammation of ... tonsils. ... Rarely, severe and sometimes fatal eruptions (ioderma) may occur after prolonged use of iodides. /Iodide prepartion/
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1414] **PEER REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
VET: WARNING: Iodism may occur at therapeutic doses.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 475] **PEER REVIEWED**
Since some individuals are markedly sensitive to iodides, potassium iodide should be used with caution when initially administered. Patients at risk for iodine-induced adverse effects include those with hypocomplementemic vasculitis and those with goiter or autoimmune thyroid disease.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
... Potassium iodide should be used with extreme caution, if at all, in patients with tuberculosis and is contraindicated in the presents of acute bronchitis.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide may cause salivary gland swelling or tenderness, burning of mouth or throat, metallic taste, soreness of teeth and gums, and unusual increase in salivation.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide may cause skin rash and thyroid suppression in infants. Appropriate studies have not been performed for use as a systemic antifungal.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is distributed into breast milk; use by nursing mothers may cause skin rash and thyroid suppression in the infant.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Prolonged use may result in hypothyroidism, parotitis, iodism, and, particularly in postpubescent patients, acneiform skin lesions.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Manifestations of iodism may occur when potassium iodide is given in large doses or over extended periods of time. Iodism is usually manifested as a metallic taste, burning in the mouth and throat, soreness of the teeth and gums, increased salivation, coryza, sneezing, and irritation of the eyes with swelling of the eyelids. Severe headache, productive cough, pulmonary edema, and swelling and tenderness of the parotid and submaxillary glands may occur. The pharynx, larynx, and tonsils may become inflamed. Mild acneiform eruptions may occur, usually in seborrheic areas; rarely, severe and sometimes fatal eruptions (ioderma) may occur. Gastric irritation is common and diarrhea, sometimes bloody, may also occur. Signs and symptoms of iodism generally subside spontaneously within a few days of discontinuing the drug; symptomatic and supportive therapy and methods to enhance the renal excretion of iodide may be necessary.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Iodides readily cross the placenta and may result in abnormal thyroid function and/or goiter in the neonate. Most clinicians consider prolonged iodide therapy during pregnancy to be contraindicated; some clinicians have used iodide therapy for the management of thyrotoxic crisis that develops during labor or a 10-day course of iodide therapy in pregnant women in preparation for thyroidectomy, without evidence of adverse fetal effects. If potassium iodide is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while receiving the drug, the patient should be informed of the potential risks to the fetus.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Children are more susceptible to the dangerous effects of radioactive iodide than adults and the benefit of potassium iodide during radiation emergencies exceed the risks. However, repeat administration of potassium iodide should be avoided in neonates (birth to 1 month of age) to minimize the risk of hypothyroidism during a period of critical brain development; neonates (birth to 1 month of age) given potassium iodide should be monitored for the potential development of hypothyroidism by measuring thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) and, if indicated, free thyroxine (free T4) and thyroid replacement therapy should be instituted if hypothyroidism occurs. In addition, neonates and children who are unable to tolerate potassium iodide should be given priority with regard to other protective measures (e.g., sheltering, evacuation, food supply).
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Hypersensitivity reactions to iodides may occur and may be manifested by angioedema, cutaneous and mucosal hemorrhage, and signs and symptoms resembling serum sickness, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia. Urticaria, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and fatal periarteritis have also been attributed to iodide hypersensitivity. Hypocomplementemic vasculitis in some patients with chronic urticaria or systemic lupus erythematosus has been associated with iodide sensitivity, and some clinicians caution that potassium iodide may precipitate severe systemic illness in such patients. Jodbasedow or iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis may occur with low doses of iodides (i.e., less than 25 mg of iodine daily); this effect is uncommon in the US but more frequent in areas with endemic iodine deficiency.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Sudden withdrawal may precipitate thyroid storm.
[Cowl, C.T. Physician's Handbook 10th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 2003, p. 1001] **PEER REVIEWED**
FDA Pregnancy Risk Category: D POSITIVE EVIDENCE OF RISK. Studies in humans, or investigational or post-marketing data, have demonstrated fetal risk. Nevertheless, potential benefits from the use of the drug may outweigh the potential risk. For example, the drug may be acceptable if needed in a life-threatening situation or serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective.
[Cowl, C.T. Physician's Handbook 10th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 2003, p. 1000] **PEER REVIEWED**
Patients should be cautioned not to use OTC drugs without medical approval; many preparations contain iodides and could potentiate the drug. For the same reason patients should report ingestion of iodized salt and shellfish.
[Cowl, C.T. Physician's Handbook 10th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 2003, p. 1001] **PEER REVIEWED**
Concurrent use /of lithium/ with potassium iodide may potentiate the hypothyroid and goitrogenic effects of either medication; baseline thyroid status should be determined at periodic intervals to detect changes in the thyroid-pituitary response.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Concurrent use /of potassium-sparing diuretics/ with potassium iodide may increase the effects of potassium, possibly resulting in hyperkalemia and cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac arrest; serum potassium concentrations should be monitored.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Concurrent use of /Antithyroid agents/ with potassium iodide may potentiate the hypothyroid and goitrogenic effects of antithyroid agents or potassium iodide; baseline thyroid status should be determined at periodic intervals to detect changes in the thyroid-pituitary response.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Occasionally individuals show ... sensitivity to iodide or to organic preparations that contain iodine when ... administered iv onset of an acute reaction may occur immediately or several hr after administration. Angioedema is outstanding symptom, & swelling of larynx may lead to suffocation. Multiple cutaneous hemorrhages may be present. /Iodide preparations/
[Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1586] **PEER REVIEWED**
Serious involvement of eyes in iodism is uncommon, but in two patients severe keratoconjunctivitis has been reported, and in one of these patients hemorrhagic iritis and vitreous opacities /developed/. The eyes recovered when iodides were discontinued. The ordinary signs and symptoms of iodism clear up promptly when iodides are stopped. /Iodides/
[Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 2nd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974., p. 586] **PEER REVIEWED**
... Serum-sickness type of hypersensitivity, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia, may appear. Thromobotic thrombocytopenic purpura and fatal periarteritis nodosa attributed to hypersensitivity to iodide ... described. /Iodide preparations/
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1414] **PEER REVIEWED**
Irritation of mucous glands of respiratory tract causes a productive cough. Excess transudation into bronchial tree may lead to pulmonary edema. ... There also may be inflammation of ... tonsils. ... Rarely, severe and sometimes fatal eruptions (ioderma) may occur after prolonged use of iodides. /Iodide prepartion/
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1414] **PEER REVIEWED**
In a small proportion of individuals given large doses of iodide for long periods ... thyroid gland shows hyperplasia & is depleted of stores of iodine. Thyroid hormone corrects hypothyroidism and causes goiter to subside ... /Iodide preparation/
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1414] **PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** IODIDES ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.
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| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
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| Clinical Effects: |
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) USES: Iodides have been utilized to treat iodine
disorders, hyperthyroidism, bacterial, fungal or
protozoal infections, and also were traditionally as
expectorants because of their stimulatory effects on
bronchial secretions. Potassium iodide is indicated for
use as a thyroid blocking agent following exposure to
radioisotopes of iodine from a nuclear reactor
accident.
B) PHARMACOLOGY: Iodides are used by the thyroid gland in
hormone production. Potassium iodide is taken up by the
thyroid gland preventing absorption of radioactive
iodide in cases where people are exposed in nuclear
emergencies.
C) EPIDEMIOLOGY: Overdose is rare.
D) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
1) ADVERSE EFFECTS: COMMON: POTASSIUM IODIDE can cause
stomach upset, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomach
pain, skin rash and salivary gland swelling or
tenderness. LESS COMMON: POTASSIUM IODIDE can cause
gastrointestinal bleeding, confusion, dysrhythmias,
numbness, pain or weakness in hands or feet, unusual
fatigue, weakness or heaviness of legs, fever, and
edema of neck or throat. Thyroid adenoma, goiter, and
myxedema are also possible side effects. RARE: Iodism
is a rare occurrence with iodides; however, it may
develop during prolonged treatment or with the use of
high doses. Symptoms include burning of mouth, severe
headache, metallic taste, soreness of teeth and gums,
symptoms of head cold, irritation of the eyes with
swelling of the eyelids, unusual increase in
salivation, acneform skin lesions in the seborrheic
areas, and rarely, severe skin eruptions.
E) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) TOXICITY: Overdose of potassium iodide results in
angioedema, laryngeal edema, and cutaneous hemorrhage.
Very large doses could theoretically cause
hyperkalemia and resulting dysrhythmias, but this has
not been reported to date.
0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS
0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
1) Periarteritis nodosa and dysrhythmias may occur with
iodides.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
1) Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and parotitis have
been reported with potassium iodide use.
0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
1) Chronic oral administration can produce various
cutaneous manifestations, including rash, erythema
nodosum, polymorphic eruptions, urticaria, vasculitis,
and petechia.
0.2.16 ENDOCRINE
0.2.16.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
1) Chronic iodide therapy has produced goiters,
hypothyroidism, and rarely hyperthyroidism.
0.2.19 IMMUNOLOGIC
0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
1) Acute hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema,
Stevens Johnson syndrome, systemic vasculitis, and
serum-sickness-like reactions may occur.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
A) Potassium iodide is classified as FDA pregnancy category
D. RADIATION EMERGENCY: In 2001, the FDA issued a
guideline for the use of potassium iodide in the event
of a nuclear disaster with radioactive iodide. The
recommendation from the FDA states pregnant women should
be given KI for their own protection and that of the
fetus since iodine (radioactive or not) readily crosses
the placenta. Excess doses of stable iodide will have an
effect on the fetus, therefore, repeat doses are not
recommended. Sodium Iodide I-131 is classified as FDA
pregnancy category X and sodium iodide I-123 is
classified as pregnancy category C. Cretinism and goiter
have been reported in children born to mothers
chronically taking iodides during pregnancy.
0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW
A) At the time of this review, the manufacturers do not
report any carcinogenic potential of potassium iodide.
Long term studies to evaluate the carcinogenic
potential of iodides have not been preformed.
0.2.21.3 ANIMAL OVERVIEW
A) At the time of this review, the manufacturers do not
report any carcinogenic potential of potassium iodide.
Long term studies to evaluate the carcinogenic
potential of iodides have not been preformed.
0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY
A) At the time of this review, the manufacturer does not
report any mutagenic potential of potassium iodide(Prod
Info IOSAT(TM) oral tablets, 2005; Prod Info
THYROSHIELD(TM) oral solution, 2005; Prod Info SSKI(R)
oral solution, 1999). Long term studies to evaluate the
mutagenic potential of iodides have not been preformed.
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| Laboratory: |
A) Plasma iodide levels are not clinically useful or readily
available.
B) Monitor thyroid function in cases of severe overdose for
decreased serum T4 levels and increased serum TSH levels.
C) Monitor ECG for signs of potassium toxicity in cases of
severe overdose with potassium iodide.
D) Monitor serum electrolytes and renal function in patients
with severe overdose.
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| Treatment Overview: |
0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE
A) MANAGEMENT OF MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY
1) Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
B) MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TOXICITY
1) Treat acute allergic reactions with or without
laryngeal edema with epinephrine and antihistamines.
Treat serum-sickness-like reactions with antihistamines
and corticosteroids. Treat cases of iodism with
intravenous sodium chloride. Most symptomatic cases of
thyrotoxicosis can be treated with beta-blockers;
treatment with propylthiouracil I131 or surgery is
rarely necessary. Overdose with potassium iodide can
cause dysrhythmias due to potasium toxicity. Treat as
necessary in overdose cases where potassium iodide is
the suspected agent.
C) DECONTAMINATION
1) PREHOSPITAL: Consider using activated charcoal if
ingestion was recent, a substantial ingestion, and the
patient can protect their airway.
2) HOSPITAL: Consider using activated charcoal if
ingestion was recent, a substantial ingestion, and the
patient can protect their airway.
D) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
1) Ensure adequate ventilation and perform endotracheal
intubation early in rare patients with serious
toxicity.
E) ANTIDOTE
1) There is no antidote for iodide poisoning.
F) HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
1) MILD/MODERATE: Antihistamines, inhaled beta agonists,
corticosteroids. SEVERE: Oxygen, aggressive airway
management, antihistamines, epinephrine (ADULT: 0.3 to
0.5 mL of a 1:1000 solution intramuscularly or
subcutaneously; CHILD: 0.01 mL/kg, 0.5 ml max; may
repeat in 20 to 30 min), corticosteroids, ECG
monitoring, and IV fluids.
G) SERUM SICKNESS DUE TO DRUG
1) Treat serum-sickness-like reactions with
antihistamines. Corticosteroids should be administered
if antihistamines are not effective or if severe
symptoms persist.
H) THYROTOXICOSIS
1) Discontinuing the inciting agent is usually the only
therapy necessary in mild cases. Beta blockers may be
used in symptomatic patients. RARELY propylthiouracil,
I131, or surgery are necessary.
I) HYPOTHYROIDISM
1) Short-term administration of thyroid hormone
supplements may hasten recovery. Discontinuation of the
iodide source will usually result in restoration of
normal thyroid function within several weeks.
J) ENHANCED ELIMINATION
1) A diuretic such as mannitol should be administered in
treatment of chronic iodide poisoning to increase renal
excretion of iodide. Fluids and sodium chloride intake
will also hasten iodide excretion.
K) PATIENT DISPOSITION
1) OBSERVATION CRITERIA: All patients with overdose
ingestions should be evaluated in a healthcare facility
until symptoms are resolved.
2) ADMISSION CRITERIA: Patient demonstrating acute
allergic reaction, thyrotoxicosis, or severe toxicity
should be admitted to the hospital.
3) CONSULT CRITERIA: Consult a medical toxicologist or
Poison Center for assistance in managing patients with
severe toxicity or in whom the diagnosis is unclear.
L) PITFALLS
1) Ingestions involving potassium iodide can cause
potassium toxicity.
M) PHARMACOKINETICS
1) Iodides are readily absorbed in the GI tract and
distribute widely throughout extracellular fluid of the
thyroid gland. The majority of excretion is through the
kidneys.
N) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
1) Includes other agents that may cause similar effects,
such as iodine, which is more toxic.
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| Range of Toxicity: |
A) TOXICITY: A specific toxic dose for iodides has not been
established. Up to 10 grams of sodium iodide has been
administered IV without toxicity. Doses up to 6 grams/day
of potassium iodide have been used for dermatological
fungal infections. Children received one half or one
third of this dose. THERAPEUTIC DOSES: POTASSIUM IODIDE
(RADIATION EMERGENCY) ADULTS: 130 mg once daily.
CHILDREN: OVER 12 YEARS TO 18 YEARS, WEIGHING AT LEAST
150 POUNDS: 130 mg once daily. OVER 12 YEARS TO 18 YEARS,
WEIGHING LESS THAN 150 POUNDS: 65 mg once daily. OVER 3
YEARS TO 12 YEARS: 65 mg once daily. OVER 1 MONTH TO 3
YEARS: 32.5 mg once daily. AT BIRTH TO 1 MONTH : 16.25 mg
once daily.
|
[Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2014; CCIS Volume 160, edition expires May, 2014. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2014; CCIS Volume 160, edition expires May, 2014.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 139] **PEER REVIEWED**
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 139] **PEER REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Testing of potassium iodide on rabbit eyes by injection of 3% solution into cornea has caused only slight reaction, graded 17 on a scale of 0-100. /KI solution/
[Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 2nd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974., p. 586] **PEER REVIEWED**
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ In female minks fed a basal diet supplemented with either 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm KI, gestational periods were shorter than controls. Only 2.1 kits/female mated were whelped by mink fed 100 ppm KI and none of females that received 1000 ppm KI whelped.
[Aulerich RJ et al; Theriogenology 9: 295 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED**
/GENOTOXICITY/ Oral administration of KI to pregnant rats produced significant chromosomal aberrations in embryonic liver cells, especially during days 7-14 of pregnancy.
[Monakhova MA et al; Vestin Mosk Univ Biol Pochvoved 31(1): 57 (1976)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rats iv 285 mg/kg (approx.)
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
Although eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, it can also be found in saliva, tears, sweat, & milk. ... Some of retained iodine is stored in the thyroid & incorporated into thyroxine.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 475] **PEER REVIEWED**
The iodide ion is excreted in part by bronchi.
[American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984., p. 48:00] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is distributed into /human/ breast milk ...
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Mechanism of Action:
In hyperthyroid patients, potassium iodide produces rapid remission of symptoms by inhibiting the release of thyroid hormone into the circulation. The effects of potassium iodide on the thyroid gland include reduction of vascularity, a firming of the glandular tissue, shrinkage of the size of individual cells, reaccumulation of colloid in the follicles, and increases in bound iodine. These actions may facilitate thyroidectomy when the medication is given prior to surgery.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
When administered prior to and following administration of radioactive isotopes and in radiation emergencies involving the release of radioactive iodine, potassium iodide protects the thyroid gland by blocking the thyroidal uptake of radioactive isotopes of iodine.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
The mechanism of action of potassium iodide's antifungal activity against Sporothix schenckii has not been determined. Potassium iodide does not appear to increase monocyte or neutrophil killing of S. schenckii in in vitro studies. However, exposure of the yeast form of S. schenckii to various concentrations of iodine (iodine and potassium iodide solution) has resulted in rapid cell destruction.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3126] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is thought to act as an expectorant by increasing respiratory tract secretions and thereby decreasing the viscosity of mucous ...
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3126] **PEER REVIEWED**
When potassium iodide is administered simultaneously with radiation exposure, the protectant effect is approximately 97%. Potassium iodide given 12 and 24 hours before exposure yields a 90% and 70% protectant effect, respectively. However, potassium iodide administered 1 and 3 hours after exposure results in an 85% and 50% protectant effect, respectively. Potassium iodide administered more than 6 hours after exposure is thought to have a negligible protectant effect.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Interactions:
Potassium iodide increased the toxic effect in selenium poisoning.
[Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p. 293] **PEER REVIEWED**
Concurrent use of captopril, enalapril, or lisinopril with potassium iodide may result in hyperkalemia; serum potassium concentrations should be monitored , however usual doses of potassium iodide used for radiation protection (i.e. up to 130 mg) contain negligible amounts of potassium and should not constitute a problem with ACE inhibitors.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Therapeutic Uses:
Potassium iodide is indicated as a radiation protectant (thyroid gland) prior to and following oral administration or inhalation of radioactive isotopes of iodine or in radiation emergencies. /Included in US product labeling/
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is indicated in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. /Included in US product labeling/
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is used in the treatment of erythema nodosum. /NOT included in US product labeling/
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is used concurrently with an antithyroid agent to induce thyroid involution prior to thyroidectomy. /NOT included in US product labeling/
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is used in the treatment of cutaneous lymphatic sporotrichosis. /NOT included in US product labeling/
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is used in the treatment of iodine deficiency. /NOT included in US product labeling/
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): /Used/ as an antitussive, to help increase and liquefy respiratory tract fluids. ... Essential part of therapy for intractable chronic bronchial coughing. ...drug can be used in prevention and treatment of iodine deficiencies & associated syndromes. ...Its action has often been favorable in rheumatism.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 475] **PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): Orally and/or topically... as absorbent for hyperplastic fibrous tissues or glandular swellings. Drug is antiinflammatory, inhibiting formation of granuloma pouch formation in monkeys & rats.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 475] **PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): It has often been a treatment of mycosis such as actinobacillosis & actinomycosis. Treatment is given until iodism is approached, discontinued for a few days, & repeated again if needed.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 475] **PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): Its oral use in dogs occasionally gives dramatic relief in pruritis. Part of the benefit appears to be due to potassium ion as potassium chloride gives similar results.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 475] **PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET): For simple goiter. As expectorant. In Iodine deficiency and in chronic poisoning with lead or mercury. Orally only, not by injection. Externally for treatment of bursal enlargements.
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
/In studies following the Chernobyl accident/...it is noted that administration of potassium iodide as a dietary supplement significantly reduced the risk of radiation induced thyroid cancer.
[NAS/BRER; Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation BEIR VII- Phase 2. p. 396 (2005)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Drug Warnings:
VET: WARNING: Iodism may occur at therapeutic doses.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 475] **PEER REVIEWED**
Since some individuals are markedly sensitive to iodides, potassium iodide should be used with caution when initially administered. Patients at risk for iodine-induced adverse effects include those with hypocomplementemic vasculitis and those with goiter or autoimmune thyroid disease.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
... Potassium iodide should be used with extreme caution, if at all, in patients with tuberculosis and is contraindicated in the presents of acute bronchitis.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide may cause salivary gland swelling or tenderness, burning of mouth or throat, metallic taste, soreness of teeth and gums, and unusual increase in salivation.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide may cause skin rash and thyroid suppression in infants. Appropriate studies have not been performed for use as a systemic antifungal.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is distributed into breast milk; use by nursing mothers may cause skin rash and thyroid suppression in the infant.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Prolonged use may result in hypothyroidism, parotitis, iodism, and, particularly in postpubescent patients, acneiform skin lesions.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Manifestations of iodism may occur when potassium iodide is given in large doses or over extended periods of time. Iodism is usually manifested as a metallic taste, burning in the mouth and throat, soreness of the teeth and gums, increased salivation, coryza, sneezing, and irritation of the eyes with swelling of the eyelids. Severe headache, productive cough, pulmonary edema, and swelling and tenderness of the parotid and submaxillary glands may occur. The pharynx, larynx, and tonsils may become inflamed. Mild acneiform eruptions may occur, usually in seborrheic areas; rarely, severe and sometimes fatal eruptions (ioderma) may occur. Gastric irritation is common and diarrhea, sometimes bloody, may also occur. Signs and symptoms of iodism generally subside spontaneously within a few days of discontinuing the drug; symptomatic and supportive therapy and methods to enhance the renal excretion of iodide may be necessary.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Iodides readily cross the placenta and may result in abnormal thyroid function and/or goiter in the neonate. Most clinicians consider prolonged iodide therapy during pregnancy to be contraindicated; some clinicians have used iodide therapy for the management of thyrotoxic crisis that develops during labor or a 10-day course of iodide therapy in pregnant women in preparation for thyroidectomy, without evidence of adverse fetal effects. If potassium iodide is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while receiving the drug, the patient should be informed of the potential risks to the fetus.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Children are more susceptible to the dangerous effects of radioactive iodide than adults and the benefit of potassium iodide during radiation emergencies exceed the risks. However, repeat administration of potassium iodide should be avoided in neonates (birth to 1 month of age) to minimize the risk of hypothyroidism during a period of critical brain development; neonates (birth to 1 month of age) given potassium iodide should be monitored for the potential development of hypothyroidism by measuring thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) and, if indicated, free thyroxine (free T4) and thyroid replacement therapy should be instituted if hypothyroidism occurs. In addition, neonates and children who are unable to tolerate potassium iodide should be given priority with regard to other protective measures (e.g., sheltering, evacuation, food supply).
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Hypersensitivity reactions to iodides may occur and may be manifested by angioedema, cutaneous and mucosal hemorrhage, and signs and symptoms resembling serum sickness, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia. Urticaria, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and fatal periarteritis have also been attributed to iodide hypersensitivity. Hypocomplementemic vasculitis in some patients with chronic urticaria or systemic lupus erythematosus has been associated with iodide sensitivity, and some clinicians caution that potassium iodide may precipitate severe systemic illness in such patients. Jodbasedow or iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis may occur with low doses of iodides (i.e., less than 25 mg of iodine daily); this effect is uncommon in the US but more frequent in areas with endemic iodine deficiency.
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3125] **PEER REVIEWED**
Sudden withdrawal may precipitate thyroid storm.
[Cowl, C.T. Physician's Handbook 10th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 2003, p. 1001] **PEER REVIEWED**
FDA Pregnancy Risk Category: D POSITIVE EVIDENCE OF RISK. Studies in humans, or investigational or post-marketing data, have demonstrated fetal risk. Nevertheless, potential benefits from the use of the drug may outweigh the potential risk. For example, the drug may be acceptable if needed in a life-threatening situation or serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective.
[Cowl, C.T. Physician's Handbook 10th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 2003, p. 1000] **PEER REVIEWED**
Patients should be cautioned not to use OTC drugs without medical approval; many preparations contain iodides and could potentiate the drug. For the same reason patients should report ingestion of iodized salt and shellfish.
[Cowl, C.T. Physician's Handbook 10th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 2003, p. 1001] **PEER REVIEWED**
Concurrent use /of lithium/ with potassium iodide may potentiate the hypothyroid and goitrogenic effects of either medication; baseline thyroid status should be determined at periodic intervals to detect changes in the thyroid-pituitary response.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Concurrent use /of potassium-sparing diuretics/ with potassium iodide may increase the effects of potassium, possibly resulting in hyperkalemia and cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac arrest; serum potassium concentrations should be monitored.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Concurrent use of /Antithyroid agents/ with potassium iodide may potentiate the hypothyroid and goitrogenic effects of antithyroid agents or potassium iodide; baseline thyroid status should be determined at periodic intervals to detect changes in the thyroid-pituitary response.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Occasionally individuals show ... sensitivity to iodide or to organic preparations that contain iodine when ... administered iv onset of an acute reaction may occur immediately or several hr after administration. Angioedema is outstanding symptom, & swelling of larynx may lead to suffocation. Multiple cutaneous hemorrhages may be present. /Iodide preparations/
[Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1586] **PEER REVIEWED**
Serious involvement of eyes in iodism is uncommon, but in two patients severe keratoconjunctivitis has been reported, and in one of these patients hemorrhagic iritis and vitreous opacities /developed/. The eyes recovered when iodides were discontinued. The ordinary signs and symptoms of iodism clear up promptly when iodides are stopped. /Iodides/
[Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 2nd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974., p. 586] **PEER REVIEWED**
... Serum-sickness type of hypersensitivity, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia, may appear. Thromobotic thrombocytopenic purpura and fatal periarteritis nodosa attributed to hypersensitivity to iodide ... described. /Iodide preparations/
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1414] **PEER REVIEWED**
Irritation of mucous glands of respiratory tract causes a productive cough. Excess transudation into bronchial tree may lead to pulmonary edema. ... There also may be inflammation of ... tonsils. ... Rarely, severe and sometimes fatal eruptions (ioderma) may occur after prolonged use of iodides. /Iodide prepartion/
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1414] **PEER REVIEWED**
In a small proportion of individuals given large doses of iodide for long periods ... thyroid gland shows hyperplasia & is depleted of stores of iodine. Thyroid hormone corrects hypothyroidism and causes goiter to subside ... /Iodide preparation/
[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 1414] **PEER REVIEWED**
Interactions:
Potassium iodide increased the toxic effect in selenium poisoning.
[Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p. 293] **PEER REVIEWED**
Concurrent use of captopril, enalapril, or lisinopril with potassium iodide may result in hyperkalemia; serum potassium concentrations should be monitored , however usual doses of potassium iodide used for radiation protection (i.e. up to 130 mg) contain negligible amounts of potassium and should not constitute a problem with ACE inhibitors.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Water Concentrations:
While data specific to potassium iodide were not located(SRC, 2006), the literature suggests that some pharmaceutically active compounds originating from human and veterinary therapy are not eliminated completely in municipal sewage treatment plants and are therefore discharged into receiving waters(1). Wastewater treatment processes often were not designed to remove them from the effluent(2). Selected organic waste compounds may be degrading to new and more persistent compounds that may be released instead of or in addition to the parent compound(2). Studies have indicated that several polar pharmaceutically active compounds can leach through subsoils into aquifers(1).
[(1) Heberer T; Tox Lett 131: 5-17 (2002) (2) Koplin DW et al; Environ Sci Toxicol 36: 1202-211 (2002)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Milk Concentrations:
Potassium iodide is distributed into /human/ breast milk ...
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.
[40 CFR 180.940(a); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.
[40 CFR 180.940(b); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.
[40 CFR 180.940(c); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Potassium Iodide is found on List C. Case No: 3080; Pesticide type: fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the RED document.; Active ingredient (AI): potassium iodide; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.
[United States Environmental Protection Agency/ Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review. (1998) EPA 738-R-98-002, p. 259] **PEER REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(ME) MAINE 340 ug/L /Iodide ion/
[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93) To Present] **PEER REVIEWED**
FDA Requirements:
The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed over-the-counter drug products, incl potassium iodide, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
[DHHS/FDA; Electronic Orange Book-Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.fda.gov/cder/ob/ **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, as long as 1) the quantity of the substance added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) any substance intended for use in or on food is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.
[21 CFR 172.375; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
[21 CFR 184.1634; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Potassium iodide used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in table salt as a source of dietary iodine in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
[21 CFR 582.5634; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Trace minerals added to animal feeds. These substances added to animal feeds as nutritional dietary supplements are generally recognized as safe when added at levels consistent with good feeding practice. All substances listed may be in anhydrous or hydrated form. Potassium iodide is included on this list.
[21 CFR 582.80; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: potassium iodide is included in expectorant drug products.
[21 CFR 310.545(a)(6)(iii); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Allowable Tolerances:
Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.
[40 CFR 180.940(a); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.
[40 CFR 180.940(b); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.
[40 CFR 180.940(c); U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of March 3, 2006: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr **PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
I-K
**PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
166.0032
[Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 4-80] **PEER REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
Colorless or white, cubical crystals, white granules, or powder
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
HEXAHEDRAL CRYSTALS, EITHER TRANSPARENT OR SOMEWHAT OPAQUE
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 801] **PEER REVIEWED**
Taste:
STRONG BITTER SALINE
[Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977., p. 714] **PEER REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
1323 deg C
[Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 4-80] **PEER REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
681 deg C
[Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 4-80] **PEER REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
3.12 g/cu cm
[Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 4-80] **PEER REVIEWED**
pH:
Aqueous solution in neutral or usually alkaline, pH 7-9
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
Slightly soluble in ethanol
[Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 4-80] **PEER REVIEWED**
148 g/100 g water at 25 deg C
[Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 4-80] **PEER REVIEWED**
127.5 g sol in 100 cc water at 0 deg C; 1.88 g sol in 100 cc alcohol at 25 deg C; 1.31 g sol in 100 cc acetone at 25 deg C; sol in ether, ammonia
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-112] **PEER REVIEWED**
1 gram dissolves in 0.7 mL water, 0.5 mL boiling water; 51 mL absolute ethanol; 22 mL alcohol; 8 mL methanol; 75 mL acetone; 2 mL glycerol; about 2.5 mL glycol
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
Index of refraction = 1.677
[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-112] **PEER REVIEWED**
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
Slightly deliquescent in moist air; on long exposure to air becomes yellow due to liberation of iodine, small amount of iodate may be formed; light and moisture accelerate the decomposition; aqueous solution becomes yellow in time due to oxidation, but a small amount of alkali prevents it
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
30 g KI with 21 mL water gives 30 mL of a saturated solution at 25 deg C
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
Slightly hygroscopic in moist air
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 801] **PEER REVIEWED**
Readily dissolves elemental iodine /Potassium iodide solution/
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
A sample of fluorine perchlorate exploded on contact with a potassium iodide solution.
[National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 7th ed. Boston, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 1978., p. 491M-189] **PEER REVIEWED**
Incompatibilities: mercurous chloride in presence of an excess of potassium iodide produces metallic mercury & mercuric iodide, the latter forming the soluble double salt, potassium mercuric iodide.
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 801] **PEER REVIEWED**
Stability/Shelf Life:
Stable in dry air
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 801] **PEER REVIEWED**
Light and moisture accelerate decompn.
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
VOLATILIZES @ HIGHER TEMP /melting point 680 deg C/
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
Store below 40 deg C (104 deg F), preferably between 15 and 30 deg C (59 and 86 deg F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Store in a tight container.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
**PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
For Potassium Iodide (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 075701) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
[National Pesticide Informaton Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Chemical Ingredients Database on Potassium Iodide (7681-11-0). Available from, as of January 23, 2006: http://ppis.ceris.purdue.edu/htbin/epachem.com **PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacture of photographic emulsions; in animal and poultry feeds to the extent of 10-30 parts per million; in table salt as a source of iodine and in some drinking water; also in analytical chemistry.
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
Photography (precipitating silver); spectroscopy; infrared transmission; scintillation.
[Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977., p. 714] **PEER REVIEWED**
In treatment of hyperthyroidism /Lugol's solution/
[American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984., p. 48:00] **PEER REVIEWED**
Topical deodorizing agent for livestock manure
[Riley HW; US PATENT NUMBER 4155975 05/22/79] **PEER REVIEWED**
Expectorant for treatment of chronic respiratory diseases; antifungal agent (human & vet use); iodine source in treatment of thyroid disorders; mfr photographic emulsions (used with silver nitrate); ingredient in personal hygiene products; lab reagent for analytical chemistry.
[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
When administered prior to and following administration of radioactive isotopes and in radiation emergencies involving the release of radioactive iodine, potassium iodide protects the thyroid gland by blocking the thyroidal uptake of radioactive isotopes of iodine.
[Thomson/Micromedex. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Volume 1, Greenwood Village, CO. 2006.] **PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (See also:
Therapeutic Uses)
**PEER REVIEWED**
MEDICATION (VET) (See also:
Therapeutic Uses)
**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturers:
Ajay North America, LLC, P.O. Box 127, 1400 Industry Rd., Powder Springs, GA 30127-0127, (770) 943-6202; Production site: Powder Springs, GA 30127
[SRI Consulting. 2005 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States, Menlo Park, CA. 2005, p. 846] **PEER REVIEWED**
Deepwater Chemicals, Inc., 1210 Airpark Rd., Woodward, OK 73801, (800) 854-4064; Production site: Woodward, OK 73801
[SRI Consulting. 2005 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States, Menlo Park, CA. 2005, p. 846] **PEER REVIEWED**
GFS Chemicals, Inc., P.O. Box 245, Powell, OH 43065, (740) 881-5501; Production site: Columbus, OH 43222
[SRI Consulting. 2005 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States, Menlo Park, CA. 2005, p. 846] **PEER REVIEWED**
Mallinckrodt, Inc., Pharmaceuticals Group, 674 McDonnell Blvd., P.O. Box 5840, St. Louis, MO 63134, (314) 654-2000; Production site: St. Louis, MO 63147
[SRI Consulting. 2005 Directory of Chemical Producers - United States, Menlo Park, CA. 2005, p. 846] **PEER REVIEWED**
Methods of Manufacturing:
Prepd from HI and KHCO3. Purification by melting in dry hydrogen ... Continuous electrolytic process for large scale industrial prepn: Morylott, Elkins, US Patent 29899450 (1961 to Dow).
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
A hot aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is treated with iodine ... to form mixture of KI & potassium iodate. Solution is concentrated by heating ... then an excess of powdered charcoal is added ... Mixture is evaporated to dryness, then ignited. Charcoal ... reduces iodate to iodide and all of the iodine is thus obtained as potassium iodide.
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 801] **PEER REVIEWED**
...Prepared by first forming ferrosoferric iodide through reaction between iron wire and iodine in presence of water. A solution of pure potassium carbonate ... added until solution is faintly alkaline, boiled for few moments, and filtered; filtrate is concentrated and set aside to crystallize. KI ... is crystallized from an alkaline solution...
[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 801] **PEER REVIEWED**
... Most USA production involves absorption of iodine in KOH. Approximately 80 wt % of the potassium iodate ... crystallizes from the reaction mixture and is separated for sale. Of the remainder, 90 wt % is removed by evaporation, fusion, and heating to about 600 deg C. The iodate is a poison /and/ ... must be completely removed frequently by a final reduction with carbon. After re-solution in water, further purification is carried out before recrystallization. Iron, barium, carbonate, and hydrogen sulfide are used to effect precipitation of sulfates and heavy metals.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V19 1084 (1996)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Made by (1) Reaction of HI & KCl, followed by distillation of HCl, (2) Reaction of iodine with KOH or K2CO3 in solution, (3) Reaction of ferrous/ferric iodide with K2CO3, and (4) Evaporation of natural brines
[CONSIDINE. CHEMICAL AND PROCESS TECHNOL ENCYC 1974 p.923] **PEER REVIEWED**
General Manufacturing Information:
Potassium Iodide of commerce contains about 99.5% KI.
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
Incompatibilities: Alkaloidal salts, chlorate hydrate, tartaric and other acids, calomel, potassium chlorate, metallic salts.
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1370] **PEER REVIEWED**
VET: Potassium iodide contains 76.45% iodine & 23.55% potassium. ...iodized salt usually contains about 0.007% iodine or about 0.01% potassium iodide. Adequate use of such salt in feed rations assures adequate iodine intake for normal nutritional needs but not necessarily for therapy.
[Rossoff, I.S. Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1974., p. 475] **PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
Oral: Solution: 249 mg (of iodide) per 5 mL Pima Syrup, (Fleming), 1 g/mL SSKI, (Upsher-Smith) Tablets: 65 mg Thyro-Safe (scored), (Recip US); 130 mg Iosat, (Anbec). Thyro-Block (scored), (MedPointe).
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3126] **PEER REVIEWED**
Available in 99.9995% purity, ultradry grades; 45% solution
[CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1987 p.195] **PEER REVIEWED**
Impurities:
Impurities: sulfates and heavy metals
[KIRK-OTHMER ENCYC CHEM TECH 3RD ED 1978-PRESENT V18 p.939] **PEER REVIEWED**
Typically less than 1 ppm H2O-OH in 99.9995% purity, ultradry grades
[CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1987 p.195] **PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Production:
(1977) 7.15X10+8 G
[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
(1979) 8.42X10+8 G
[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
(1985) 7.08x10+8 g
[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. CURRENT INDUSTRIAL REPORTS: INORGANIC CHEMICALS 1985 p.4] **PEER REVIEWED**
(1994) 10 thousand-500 thousand pounds
[US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). Potassium iodide (KI) (7681-11-0). Available from, as of January 19, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.html **PEER REVIEWED**
(1998) 10 thousand-500 thousand pounds
[US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). Potassium iodide (KI) (7681-11-0). Available from, as of January 19, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.html **PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Imports:
(1977) 3.18X10+7 G
[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
(1979) 3.15X10+7 G
[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
(1985) 3.03x10+7 g
[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL IMPORTS 1985 p.1-570] **PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Exports:
(1977) No Data
[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
(1979) No Data
[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
(1987) No Data
**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
Titrimetic determination in iodine ointment.
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982., p. 13/599 36.067] **PEER REVIEWED**
Emission spectrographic method. /Potassium/
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982., p. 13/871 49.001] **PEER REVIEWED**
Analyte: potassium iodide; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: reaction with sodium bitartrate produces a white crystalline precipitate that is soluble in ammonium hydroxide and in solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates (Potassium test)
[U.S. Pharmacopeia. The United States Pharmacopeia, USP 29/The National Formulary, NF 24; Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., p1772 (2006)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Analyte: potassium iodide; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: addition of chlorine colors the solution yellow to red; addition of chloroform colors the solution violet; addition of silver nitrate produces a yellow curdy precipitate that is insoluble in nitric acid and ammonium hydroxide (Iodide test)
[U.S. Pharmacopeia. The United States Pharmacopeia, USP 29/The National Formulary, NF 24; Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., p1772 (2006)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Analyte: potassium iodide; matrix: chemical purity; procedure: dissolution in water and hydrochloric acid; titration with potassium iodate until dark brown solution becomes pale brown; addition of amaranth indicator; continue titration until red color changes to yellow
[U.S. Pharmacopeia. The United States Pharmacopeia, USP 29/The National Formulary, NF 24; Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., p1772 (2006)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Analyte: potassium iodide; matrix: pharmaceutical preparation (oral solution & tablet); procedure: reaction with sodium bitartrate produces a white crystalline precipitate that is soluble in ammonium hydroxide and in solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates (Potassium test) (chemical identification)
[U.S. Pharmacopeia. The United States Pharmacopeia, USP 29/The National Formulary, NF 24; Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., p1772 (2006)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Analyte: potassium iodide; matrix: pharmaceutical preparation (oral solution & tablet); procedure: addition of chlorine colors the solution yellow to red; addition of chloroform colors the solution violet; addition of silver nitrate produces a yellow curdy precipitate that is insoluble in nitric acid and ammonium hydroxide (Iodide test) (chemical identification)
[U.S. Pharmacopeia. The United States Pharmacopeia, USP 29/The National Formulary, NF 24; Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., p1772 (2006)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Analyte: potassium iodide; matrix: pharmaceutical preparation (oral solution & tablet); procedure: dissolution in water, alcohol and nitric acid; potentiometric titration with silver nitrate using a silver-calomel electrode system and salt bridge (chemical purity)
[U.S. Pharmacopeia. The United States Pharmacopeia, USP 29/The National Formulary, NF 24; Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., p1772 (2006)] **PEER REVIEWED**
Special References:
Special Reports:
FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; Guidance Document: Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation Emergencies; December 2001. Available at
http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/4825fnl.htm as of March 12, 2006
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
K1-N
**PEER REVIEWED**
ASMOFUG E
**PEER REVIEWED**
DIPOTASSIUM DIIODIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
IODURE DE POTASSIUM
**PEER REVIEWED**
Jodid
**PEER REVIEWED**
JOPTONE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Kisol
**PEER REVIEWED**
KALII IODIDUM
**PEER REVIEWED**
KALI IODIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
KNOLLIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Pima
**PEER REVIEWED**
POTASSIUM IODIDE [K2I2]
**PEER REVIEWED**
POTASSIUM IODIDE [K3I3]
**PEER REVIEWED**
POTASSIUM MONOIODIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
Thyroblock
**PEER REVIEWED**
Thyrojod
**PEER REVIEWED**
TRIPOTASSIUM TRIIODIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 075701
**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
Oral: Solution: 249 mg (of iodide) per 5 mL Pima Syrup, (Fleming), 1 g/mL SSKI, (Upsher-Smith) Tablets: 65 mg Thyro-Safe (scored), (Recip US); 130 mg Iosat, (Anbec). Thyro-Block (scored), (MedPointe).
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2005. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 2005 (Plus Supplements)., p. 3126] **PEER REVIEWED**
Available in 99.9995% purity, ultradry grades; 45% solution
[CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1987 p.195] **PEER REVIEWED**
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 5040
Last Revision Date: 20060830
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 5/11/2006
Update History:
Complete Update on 2006-08-30, 39 fields added/edited/deleted
Complete Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/27/1999, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/01/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/08/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/17/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/28/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/30/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/05/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/21/1994, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 01/03/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1987, 39 fields added/edited/deleted.
Created 19830315 by DS
Re: texas university trained biochem...
Where does Potassium Iodide (Pima brand of potassium iodide) rank compared to other Drug Withdrawal treatments?
