Human mouths contain a balanced mix of microbes which, when disrupted, can lead to oral diseases. (This implicates antibiotics as a cause of disease). A study published on March 13th in PLOS Pathogens compares the bacteria and fungi present in the mouths of healthy individuals with those from patients infected with HIV, and illustrates why oral candidiasis (aka "thrush") is a common complication of HIV infection.

Using high-throughput gene sequencing, Mahmoud Ghannoum, from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, USA, and colleagues catalogued the core oral bacteriome (the bacteria commonly present) and the core oral mycobiome (the fungi commonly present). They found little difference in the bacteria between healthy individuals and those infected with HIV (whose immune systems are compromised). In contrast, they saw clear and consistent differences in the oral fungi between both groups.

A family of fungi called Candida was predominant in both groups (This underscores why it is important to not kill candida, but only to revert it back to its normal yeast form. It's supposed to be there.JM), but present at higher levels in HIV-infected individuals. A second one, called Pichia, was present at fairly high levels in the mouths of healthy individuals but only at lower levels in people who were infected with HIV. This led the researchers to speculate that there was an antagonism between the two. And indeed, when they grew Pichia alone in a liquid medium and then filtered the fungus out, the "Pichia spent medium" (or PSM) was able to suppress the growth of Candida as well as several other disease-causing fungi.

Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with HIV/AIDS, and even in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy, it compromises the quality of life of many patients. Making use of a mouse model of oral candidiasis, the researchers were able to show that mice treated with PSM had much less severe symptoms compared with untreated ones. Therefore, at least in this animal model, Pichia's antagonism of Candida can suppress oral candidiasis.

The authors say, "Our findings have wide implications regarding the discovery of novel antifungal agents and will open the way to new therapeutic approaches for the management of fungal infections." They continue , "Detailed investigations are warranted to purify and characterize the specific Pichia factor(s) that can inhibit Candida and other disease-causing fungi."

This article highlights the importance of creating balance in the body, as opposed to the approach that most people push in treating candida whereby they seek to destroy all fungus. As researchers at Albert Einstein School of Medicine have pointed out, it depends on the interaction between the host cells, immune system, and the microbes. It's not that candida itself is bad, it's only when the host cells and immune system have been altered and candida converts into its fungal form that the potential for harm now exists. Ingesting antifungals will destroy good and bad fungi, leaving imbalances that further promote the growth of the bad, pathogenic fungi. Destroying fungi will release intracellular components that the human body is highly allergic to, leading to increased levels of inflammation, disease, and symptoms. The Candida Plan is designed to create the balance that corrects fungal candida back to its normal yeast form, restoring balance and improving health.

Good fungi keep Candida albicans in check in healthy mouths - http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140313173505.htm