Some critics of Christianity teach that the Christian religion was not based upon divine revelation but that it borrowed from pagan sources, Mithra being one of them. They assert that the figure of Mithra has many commonalities with Jesus, too common to be coincidence.
Mithraism was one of the major religions of the Roman Empire which was derived from the ancient Persian god of light and wisdom. The cult of Mithraism was quite prominent in ancient Rome, especially among the military. Mithra was the god of war, battle, justice, faith, and contract. According to Mithraism, Mithra was called the son of God, was born of a virgin, had disciples, was crucified, rose from the dead on the third day, atoned for the sins of mankind, and returned to heaven. Therefore, the critics maintain that Christianity borrowed its concepts from the Mithra cult. But is this the case? Can it be demonstrated that Christianity borrowed from the cult of Mithra as it developed its theology?
First of all, Christianity does not need any outside influence to derive any of its doctrines. All the doctrines of Christianity exists in the Old Testament where we can see the prophetic teachings of Jesus as the son of God (Zech. 12:10), born of a virgin (Isaiah 7:14), was crucified (Psalm 22), the blood atonement (Lev. 17:11), rose from the dead (Psalm 16:10), and salvation by faith (HHab. 2:4). Also, the writers of the gospels were eyewitnesses (or directed by eyewitnesses as were Mark and Luke) who accurately represented the life of Christ. So, what they did was write what Jesus taught as well as record the events of His life, death, and resurrection. In other words, they recorded history, actual events and had no need of fabrication or borrowing.
There will undoubtedly be similarities in religious themes given the agrarian culture. Remember, an agriculturally based society, as was the people of the ancient Mediterranean area, will undoubtedly develop theological themes based upon observable events, i.e., the life, death, and seeming resurrection of life found in crops, in cattle, and in human life. It would only be natural for similar themes to unfold since they are observed in nature and since people created gods related to nature. But, any reading of the Old Testament results in observing the intrusion of God into Jewish history as is recorded in miracles and prophetic utterances. Add to that the incredible archaeological evidence verifying Old Testament cities and events and you have a document based on historical fact instead of mythical fabrication. Furthermore, it is from these Old Testament writings that the New Testament themes were developed.
Following is a chart demonstrating some of the New Testament themes found in the Old Testament.
Theme
Old Testament
Reference
New Testament
fulfilled in Jesus
Ascension of Jesus to
the right hand of God
Ps. 110:1
Matt 26:64; Acts 7:55-60; Eph. 1:20
Atonement by blood
Lev. 17:11
Heb. 9:22
Baptism
Exodus 40:12-15; Lev. 16:4; Gen. 17:10; Ezek. 36:25
Matt. 2:2, 11; 14:33; 28:9; John 9:35-38; Heb. 1:6
As you can see, there is no need for any of the Christian writers to borrow from anything other than the Old Testament source in order to establish any Christian doctrine concerning Jesus. If the argument that pagan mythologies predated Christian teachings and therefore Christianity borrowed from them is true, then it must also be truth that the pagan religions borrowed from the Jewish religion because it is older than they are! Given that all of the Christian themes are found in the Old Testament and the Old Testament was begun around 2000 B.C. and completed around 400 B.C., we can then conclude that these pagan religions actually borrowed from Jewish ideas found in the Old Testament. Think about it, the idea of a blood sacrifice and a covering for sin is found in the first three chapters of Genesis when God covered Adam and Eve with animals skins and prophesied the coming of the Messiah.
Furthermore, those who wrote about Jesus in the New Testament were Jews (or under the instruction of Jews) who were devoted to the legitimacy and inspiration of the Old Testament scriptures and possessed a strong disdain for pagan religions. It would have been blasphemous for them to incorporate pagan sources into what they saw as the fulfillment of the sacred Old Testament scriptures concerning the Messiah. Also, since they were writing about Jesus, they were writing based upon what He taught: truth, love, honesty, integrity, etc. Why then would they lie and make up stories and suffer great persecution, hardships, ridicule, arrest, beatings, and death all for known lies and fabrications from paganism? It doesn't make sense.
At best, Mithraism only had some common themes with Christianity (and Judaism) which were recorded in both the Old and New Testaments. What is far more probable is that as Mithraism developed, it started to adopt Christian concepts.
"Allegations of an early Christian dependence on Mithraism have been rejected on many grounds. Mithraism had no concept of the death and resurrection of its god and no place for any concept of rebirth -- at least during its early stages...During the early stages of the cult, the notion of rebirth would have been foreign to its basic outlook...Moreover, Mithraism was basically a military cult. Therefore, one must be skeptical about suggestions that it appealed to nonmilitary people like the early Christians."1
What is more probable is that with the explosive nature of the Christian church in the 1st and 2nd century, other cult groups started to adapt themselves to take advantage of some of the teachings found in Christianity.
"While there are several sources that suggest that Mithraism included a notion of rebirth, they are all post-Christian. The earliest...dates from the end of the second century A.D."2
Therefore, even though there are similarities between Christianity and Mithraism, it is up to the critics to prove that one borrowed from the other. But, considering that the writers of the New Testament was written by Jews who shunned pagan philosophies and that the Old Testament has all of the themes found in Christianity, it is far more probable that if any borrowing was done, it was done by the pagan religions that wanted to emulate the success of Christianity.
____________
1. R. Nash, Christianity and the Hellenistic World" as quoted in Baker's Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics, Norman Geisler; Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Mich.; 1999, p. 492.
2. Wilson, Bill, compiled by; The Best of Josh McDowell: A Ready Defense; Nashville, Tenn., Thomas Nelson Publishers; 1993, p. 167.
Some critics of
Christianity teach that the Christian religion was not based upon divine
revelation but that it borrowed from pagan sources, Mithra being one of
them. They assert that the figure of Mithra has many commonalities
with Jesus, too common to be coincidence.
Mithraism was
size="2">one of the major religions of the
Roman Empire which was derived from the ancient Persian god of light and
wisdom.
The cult of Mithraism was quite prominent in ancient Rome, especially
among the military. Mithra was the god of war, battle,
justice, faith, and contract.According
to Mithraism, Mithra was called the son of God, was born of a virgin, had
disciples, was crucified, rose from the dead on the third day, atoned for
the sins of mankind, and returned to heaven. Therefore, the critics
maintain that Christianity borrowed its concepts from the Mithra cult.
But is this the case? Can it be demonstrated that Christianity
borrowed from the cult of Mithra as it developed its theology?
First of all, Christianity does not need
any outside influence to derive any of its doctrines. All the
doctrines of Christianity exists in the Old Testament where we can see the
prophetic teachings of Jesus as the son of God (
href="../kjv/Zech/Zech_12.htm#10 ">Zech. 12:10), born of a
virgin (
href="../kjv/Isaiah/Isaiah_7.htm#14 ">Isaiah 7:14), was crucified
(
href="../kjv/Psalms/Psalm_22.htm#1">Psalm 22), the blood atonement
(
href="../kjv/Lev/Lev_17.htm#For">Lev. 17:11), rose from the dead
(
href="../kjv/Psalms/Psalm_16.htm#10 ">Psalm 16:10), and salvation by faith (H
href="../kjv/Hab/Hab_2.htm#1 ">Hab. 2:4). Also, the writers of the gospels were eyewitnesses (or
directed by eyewitnesses as were Mark and Luke) who accurately represented
the life of Christ. So, what they did was write what Jesus taught as
well as record the events of His life, death, and resurrection. In
other words, they recorded history, actual events and had no need of
fabrication or borrowing.
There will undoubtedly be similarities in
religious themes given the agrarian culture. Remember, an
agriculturally based society, as was the people of the ancient
Mediterranean area, will undoubtedly develop theological themes based upon
observable events, i.e., the life, death, and seeming resurrection of life
found in crops, in cattle, and in human life. It would only be
natural for similar themes to unfold since they are observed in nature and
since people created gods related to nature. But, any reading of the
Old Testament results in observing the intrusion of God into Jewish
history as is recorded in miracles and prophetic utterances. Add to
that the incredible archaeological evidence verifying Old Testament cities
and events and you have a document based on historical fact instead of
mythical fabrication. Furthermore, it is from these Old Testament
writings that the New Testament themes were developed.
Following is a chart demonstrating some of the
New Testament themes found in the Old Testament.
(For a more complete list please go to
href="ot_nt_themes.htm">Are the New Testament themes found in the Old
Testament?)
As you can see, there is
no need for any of the Christian writers to borrow from anything other
than the Old Testament source in order to establish any Christian doctrine
concerning Jesus. If the argument that pagan mythologies predated
Christian teachings and therefore Christianity borrowed from them is true,
then it must also be truth that the pagan religions borrowed from the
Jewish religion because it is older than they are! Given that all of
the Christian themes are found in the Old Testament and the Old Testament
was begun around 2000 B.C. and completed around 400 B.C., we can then
conclude that these pagan religions actually borrowed from Jewish ideas
found in the Old Testament. Think about it, the idea of a blood
sacrifice and a covering for sin is found in the first three chapters of
Genesis when God covered Adam and Eve with animals skins and prophesied
the coming of the Messiah.
Furthermore, those who wrote about Jesus in the
New Testament were Jews (or under the instruction of Jews) who were
devoted to the legitimacy and inspiration of the Old Testament scriptures
and possessed a strong disdain for pagan religions. It would have
been blasphemous for them to incorporate pagan sources into what they saw
as the fulfillment of the sacred Old Testament scriptures concerning the
Messiah. Also, since they were writing about Jesus, they were
writing based upon what He taught: truth, love, honesty, integrity,
etc. Why then would they lie and make up stories and suffer great
persecution, hardships, ridicule, arrest, beatings, and death all for
known lies and fabrications from paganism? It doesn't make sense.
At best, Mithraism only had some common themes
with Christianity (and Judaism) which were recorded in both the Old and
New Testaments. What is far more probable is that as Mithraism
developed, it started to adopt Christian concepts.
"Allegations of an early Christian
dependence on Mithraism have been rejected on many grounds.
Mithraism had no concept of the death and resurrection of its god and no
place for any concept of rebirth -- at least during its early
stages...During the early stages of the cult, the notion of rebirth
would have been foreign to its basic outlook...Moreover, Mithraism was
basically a military cult. Therefore, one must be skeptical about
suggestions that it appealed to nonmilitary people like the early
Christians."1
What is more probable is
that with the explosive nature of the Christian church in the 1st and 2nd
century, other cult groups started to adapt themselves to take advantage
of some of the teachings found in Christianity.
"While there are several sources that
suggest that Mithraism included a notion of rebirth, they are all
post-Christian. The earliest...dates from the end of the second
century A.D."2
Therefore, even though there
are similarities between Christianity and Mithraism, it is up to the
critics to prove that one borrowed from the other. But, considering
that the writers of the New Testament was written by Jews who shunned
pagan philosophies and that the Old Testament has all of the themes found
in Christianity, it is far more probable that if any borrowing was done,
it was done by the pagan religions that wanted to emulate the success of
Christianity.
____________
1. R. Nash, Christianity and the Hellenistic
World" as quoted in Baker's Encyclopedia of Christian
Apologetics, Norman Geisler; Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Mich.; 1999,
p. 492.
2. Wilson, Bill, compiled by; The Best of Josh
McDowell: A Ready Defense; Nashville, Tenn.,
Thomas Nelson Publishers; 1993, p. 167.