Date:   12/2/2008 9:39:45 AM ( 16 y ago)
Hits:   1,973
URL:   https://www.curezone.org/forums/fm.asp?i=1309231

Hi WIEL,

Your comment: Hi Mr Moreless

I obviously offered the older post, not to show discrepancies in terminology, but rather because I thought it was a good post, and it is the basis of some of your teachings.

Answer: That was Fine, I just wanted to add Clarification for those Seeking as to WHY I may be using Different wording than I 1st did ! End.

Possibly, some of the physics relate to Quantum Mechanics, hence some of the terminology should probably come from it.

I offer to those interested in the subject, a few articles that shows that a new science is in its beginning: Quantum Biology.

Good reading

WIEL

Web page:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_biology


--BEGINNING OF QUOTE--
Quantum biology

Quantum biology is a speculative and interdisciplinary field that seeks to link quantum physics and the life sciences. Essentially, it is an attempt to study biological processes in terms of quantum mechanics (QM), using quantum theory to study the structure, energy transfer and chemical reactions of biological molecules in an effort to apply quantum principles to macroscopic systems as opposed to the atomic or subatomic realms generally described by quantum theory. Quantum biology uses mathematical computation to model biological interactions in light of QM effects. An unresolved and still controversial issue in this field is that of non-trivial (i.e. not limited to properties of molecules) role of quantum effects in biological systems.

Studies

Some of the biological phenomena that have been studied in terms of quantum processes are the absorbance of frequency-specific radiation (i.e., photosynthesis and vision); the conversion of chemical energy into motion; magnetoreception in animals and brownian motors in many cellular processes. The field has also been active in researching QM analysis of magnetic fields and bird navigation, and may possibly shed light on Circadian rhythms in many organisms.
--END OF QUOTE--


Web page:

http://www.nanoword.net/library/weekly/aa062500a.htm


--BEGINNING OF QUOTE--
Quantum Biology

Dateline: June 25, 2000

Quantum physics and molecular biology are two disciplines that have evolved relatively independently. However, recently a wealth of evidence has demonstrated the importance of quantum mechanics for biological systems and thus a new field of quantum biology is emerging. Living systems have mastered the making and breaking of chemical bonds, which are quantum mechanical phenomena. Absorbance of frequency specific radiation (e.g. photosynthesis and vision), conversion of chemical energy into mechanical motion (e.g. ATP cleavage) and single electron transfers through biological polymers (e.g. DNA or proteins) are all quantum mechanical effects. Hopefully, the merging of disciplines known as nanotechnology will remove the interface between quantum physics and biology.

In a paper titled 'The Importance of Quantum Decoherence in Brain Processes,' Max Tegmark sought to prove that the brain is too warm to maintain the coherence required for quantum computation. From the results of his calculations, Tegmark claims that, "there is nothing fundamentally wrong with the current classical approach to neural network simulations." This statement contradicts the hypothesis that the brain functions as a quantum computer, originally proposed by Roger Penrose. Tegmark's claim was amplified by a recent report in Science beginning with the sentence, 'Sir Roger Penrose is incoherent, and Max Tegmark says he can prove it.' However, the computations carried out by Tegmark relied on a value of 310K for the temperature in his model of the neuron. While the average kinetic energy (temperature) of an entire brain cell may be 310K, the most fundamental characteristic of life is that it is not at equilibrium and thus, our statistical method for measuring temperature breaks down at small sizes, especially at the nanoscale.

Biological systems are known to have ways of manipulating local temperatures. For instance, Koichiro Matsuno has determined by the postulate of black body radiation measurements that actomyosin complexes (abundant in the axons of nerve cells) can reach local temperatures as low as 1.6*10-3K. Matsuno argues that actomyosin functions as a heat engine (a device that converts heat energy into mechanical energy) that is able to maintain a constant velocity due to quantum mechanical coherence and entanglement.
--END OF QUOTE--

Web page:

http://www.nanoword.net/library/weekly/aa062500b.htm


--BEGINNING OF QUOTE--
Quantum Biology - Myosin Coherence

Dateline: June 25, 2000

It is true that neural network simulations have dramatically improved our computers' abilities for empirical classification and pattern recognition; however, as of now no classical neural network model has the algorithm used by real neurons for determining exactly when to fire (termed activation function), or more importantly exactly when and how much of the neurotransmitters are secreted into the synapse. It is entirely possible that complex computations are carried out within a single neuron, making the brain massively parallel. While on the microscale the axon clearly functions as a kind of wire that propagates an electric current to the synapse, on the nanoscale it serves the purpose of transporting vesicles containing the neurotransmitters required for signal transduction across the synapse.

The vesicles (nanoscale vessels or containers) are transported by the actomyosin molecular motors described on the previous page. Actin and myosin are the two components of actomyosin, which is a ubiquitous complex used for muscle contraction in addition to its vesicle transport function in neurons. One Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecule is used as the molecular fuel for each step made by myosin along the actin filament, resulting in ~60% efficiency of 'chemomechanical power transduction' in muscle cells. The release of energy from the ATP molecule occurs at an extremely slow rate (10-2s/ATP molecule) and is thought to proceed by the emission of a sequence of quanta.

The main arguement of Tegmark against the possibility of the brain acting as a quantum computer relied on his caluclation of the decoherence time of a kink in a microtubule being 10-13s. He claimed that since the neuron operates on a time scale between 10-3s and 10-1s, the decoherence is too fast. This may be true for microtubule kinks, but the effective freezing of the myosin engine core operates on the appropriate time scale. Furthermore, Matsuno has determined the momentum of the condensed quantum state from the sliding velocity of the myosin along an actin filament, which yields a de Broglie wavelength of 4.5 nm. Since this length is sufficiently greater than the 2.5 nm diameter of each actin monomer it is likely that the quantum coherence and entanglement extends over several actin monomers aligned along the actin filament. These facts combinded with the near absolute zero effective temperature suggests that the actomyosin vessicle transport system does exhibit the quantum coherence and entanglement necessary for quantum computation within a single neuron.
--END OF QUOTE--

Web page:

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1366485&blobtype=pdf




Web page:

http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/quantum_biology/


--BEGINNING OF QUOTE--
Quantum Biology

Fundamental biological processes that involve the conversion of energy into forms that are usable for chemical transformations are quantum mechanical in its nature. These processes involve chemical reactions themselves, light absorption, formation of excited electronic states, transfer of excitation energy, transfer of electrons and protons, etc. Some other biological processes, e.g. orientation of birds in the magnetic field of Earth, have been also suggested to require quantum mechanics.
--END OF QUOTE--

Web page:

http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/Categories/Quantum/


With a lot of links to research papers
--BEGINNING OF QUOTE--
Research Projects - Quantum Biology

Many important biological processes taking place in cells are driven and controlled by events that involve electronic degrees of freedom and, therefore, require a quantum mechanical description. An important example are enzymatically catalyzed, cellular biochemical reactions. Here, bond breaking and bond formation events are intimately tied to changes in the electronic degrees of freedom. Key events during photosynthesis in plants and energy metabolism in eucaryotes also warrant a quantum mechanical description - from the absorption of light in the form of photons by the photosynthetic apparatus to electron transfer processes sustaining the electrochemical membrane potential. Because of the importance of sensing light to both plants (for regulating vital functions) and animals (for vision), the interaction between light and biological photoreceptors is widespread in nature, and also requires a quantum mechanical description. A prime example is the protein rhodopsin which is present in the retina of the human eye and plays a key role in vision. Our computational tool are combined quantum mechanical/molecular (QM/MM) simulations, that allow to combine an electronic level description of the active region with a classical model of the environment provided by the remainder of the biomolecular system and solvent. This allows us to study the electronic level processes underlying these systems in their natural cellular environment.
--END OF QUOTE--

Web page:

http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Publications/Papers/paper.cgi?tbcode=SENE2007


--BEGINNING OF QUOTE--
Melih K. Sener, John D. Olsen, C. Neil Hunter, and Klaus Schulten. Atomic level structural and functional model of a bacterial photosynthetic membrane vesicle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 104:15723-15728, 2007.

The photosynthetic unit (PSU) of purple photosynthetic bacteria consists of a network of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) protein complexes that absorb solar energy for eventual conversion to ATP. Due to its remarkable simplicity, the PSU can serve as a prototype for studies of cellular organelles. In the purple bacterium Rhodobacter (Rb.) sphaeroides the PSU forms spherical invaginations of the inner membrane, approximately 70nm in diameter, composed mostly of light harvesting complexes, LH1 and LH2, as well as reaction centers (RCs). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of the intracytoplasmic membrane have revealed the overall spatial organization of the PSU. In the present study these AFM data were used to construct three-dimensional models of an entire membrane vesicle at the atomic level, using the known structure of the LH2 complex and a structural model of the dimeric RC-LH1 complex. Two models depict vesicles consisting of 9 or 18 dimeric RC-LH1 complexes and 144 or 101 LH2 complexes, representing a total of 3879 or 4464 Bchls, respectively. The in silico reconstructions permit a detailed description of light absorption and electronic excitation migration, including computation of a 50 ps excitation lifetime and a 95 % quantum efficiency for one of the model membranes, and demonstration of excitation sharing within the closely packed RC-LH1 dimer arrays.
--END OF QUOTE--



http://www.springerlink.com/content/rn2m06643104876j/



--BEGINNING OF QUOTE--
Full pdf

http://www.springerlink.com/content/rn2m06643104876j/fulltext.pdf



Relationships Between Quantum Physics and Biology

Received: 17 September 1970

Abstract The known facts of quantum physics and biology strongly suggest the following hypotheses: atoms and the fundamental particles have a rudimentary degree of consciousness, volition, or self-activity; the basic features of quantum mechanics are a result of this fact; the quantum mechanical wave properties of matter are actually the conscious properties of matter; and living organisms are a direct result of these properties of matter. These hypotheses are tested by using them to make detailed predictions of new facts, and then by showing that the predictions can be verified. The hypotheses are used to predict successfully that the quantum wave properties of matter are strongly predominant in proteins, to explain the presence and relative abundance of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur in proteins, and to explain diffraction phenomena, the behavior of helium II, the exclusion principle, and causality and determinism in modern science, thus closely relating physics and biology.

This article is an outgrowth of the author's thesis work in the Graduate School (Physics Department) of the University of Missouri—Rolla.
--END OF QUOTE--

Answer: WIEL your posts are always welcome as you have a way of bring things together for Better undrestanding for those whom may Lack in the abilities to do their own Homework !

Cause and Effect !

Smile Tis your choice.



 

<< Return to the standard message view

fetched in 0.02 sec, referred by http://www.curezone.org/forums/fmp.asp?i=1309231