Even when a neutrophil is successful at dispatching a yeast cell, this accelerates the subsequent death of the neutrophil [1] making this precious resource of the innate immune system a single-kill entity. The outcome of each and every encounter is vital but dubious because of the formidable resiliency of the opponent.
Macrophages are a bit more robust but the adaptive immune system is not always paying attention to yeast unless it is prodded into action:
• See "Candida + Macrophages" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1978223
Is there an energy-efficient visualization that might be useful in stunning or even killing the yeast cell prior to its encounter with the immune system?
The major thrust of this series is the toxicity of yeast-released acetaldehyde to the biochemical stability of the body serving as host to the yeast. Thinking outside of the box for a moment, what if it were possible somehow to prevent the release of acetaldehyde from the yeast cell? The acetaldehyde formed during its own budding fermentation process would accumulate in the yeast cell with just as much of a cascade of deleterious effects as it has when it is released into the host environment.
Excess acetaldehyde levels in any cell can easily lead to accumulation of reactive oxygen species capable of precipitating cellular termination:
• See "Acetaldehyde + Reactive Oxygen Species" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1959622
• See "Acetaldehye + Cysteine/Cystine" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1975696
• See "Lipid Peroxidation" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1976523
• See "Acetaldehyde + Sulfur Metabolism" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1977201
• See "Acetaldehyde + Glutathione" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1977665
• See "Acetaldehyde + Selenocysteine" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1984545
And we have already seen how acetaldehyde can interfere with protein motor function along microtubule pathways:
• See "Acetaldehyde + Cilia Impairment" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1971424
The formation of yeast hyphae is dependent upon the efficient functioning of this very same mechanism [2,3].
Entrapping the acetaldehyde produced by the yeast:
• See "Candida + Acetaldehyde" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1986782
inside the budding cell would not only be cytotoxic to the yeast cell and spare the host from having to deal with this biochemical toxin, but also prevent the morphogenetic hyphal shift, one of the yeast cell's escape mechanisms from the immune system that is targeting its presence.
An acetaldehye hydration visualization for limiting the reactivity of this molecule that has been emitted from yeast has already been proposed:
• See "Acetaldehyde + Ethanediol" http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1980446
In a "tables-turned" maneuver let's take this one step further and see if we can induce a cytotoxic disruption of the yeast's intracellular metabolism where the yeast chokes on its own venom...
ACETALDEHYDE ENTRAPMENT VISUALIZATION: For each molecule of acetaldehyde produced by any yeast cell during its carbohydrate fermentation pathway, prevent the molecule from being released beyond the yeast cell membrane into the host environment.
Combine this with the ACETALDEHYDE HYDRATION VISUALIZATION for any rogue yeast-produced acetaldehyde molecules that do manage to get through and aren't being scavenged appropriately.
Are we crossing into the realm of science fiction here? Possibly, but if it doesn't produce results, we can always fall back onto the other established steps in the yeast abatement protocol [4] that focus on scavenging acetaldehyde and reducing yeast proliferation.
There is no magic bullet for dealing with the yeast problem but constructing a pyramid of mutually interacting and supportive techniques may allow us to back this organism out the way it came in...one budding cell at a time.
[1] Rotstein D et al., "Phagocytosis of Candida albicans induces apoptosis of human neutrophils.", Shock. 2000 Sep;14(3):278-83.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11028543
[2] Finley KR et al., "Microtubules in Candida albicans Hyphae Drive Nuclear Dynamics and Connect Cell Cycle Progression to Morphogenesis", Eukaryot Cell. 2005 October; 4(10): 1697–1711.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1265902
[3] Finley KR at al., "Dynein-dependent nuclear dynamics affect morphogenesis in Candida albicans by means of the Bub2p spindle checkpoint.", J Cell Sci. 2008 Feb 15;121(Pt 4):466-76. Epub 2008 Jan 22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18211963
[4] "Minimalist Approach to the Yeast Problem" and "Yeast Abatement Protocol" in "Astrophysiology… and Yeast", 2011.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/74090699
http://www.epubbud.com/book.php?g=7JQU45V8